Clinical Immunobiology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Clinical Immunobiology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Structure-Function Relations in the Lymphoid System 16
I. Introduction 16
II. The Two-Component Concept 17
III. Development of B and T Cells 19
IV. Major Function of T Cells 19
V. Location and Nature of T Cells 20
VI. Distribution of T Cells 21
VII. The Nature and Distribution of B Cells 22
VIII. Development and Structure of the Thymus 24
IX. Functions of the Thymus 26
X. T-Cell Markers 28
XI. B-Cell Markers 30
XII. Structure and Function of the Bursa 31
XIII. The Bursal Equivalent 33
XIV. T-Cell–B-Cell Interactions 35
XV. Involution of the Immunological Systems 36
XVI. Immunodeficiency Diseases of Man in Light of the Differentiation of T and B Cells 37
XVII. The Crucial Experiments of Nature 38
References 41
Chapter 2. The Immunoglobulins 44
I. Introduction 44
II. Methods of Study 45
III. Problems of Heterogeneity 48
IV. Nomenclature 49
V. Antigenic Markers 51
VI. Gross Structural Relations 53
VII. Metabolism and Distribution of the Immunoglobulins 54
VIII. Function of Immunoglobulins and Structure-Function Relationships 56
IX. Cell Surface Immunoglobulins and Receptors 59
X. Phylogeny and Ontogeny 60
XI. Conclusion 61
Chapter 3. Cellular Immunity 62
I. Introduction 63
II. Some Definitions and the Ingredients of the Reaction 64
III. Cellular Immunity—A Basis for Immunological Homeostasis 66
IV. Immunological Surveillance and Tumor Espionage 67
V. Microbial Parasitism and Self +x Linkage—An Invitation to Autoimmunity 67
VI. Mechanisms of Cellular Immunity—in Vivo Expressions 69
VII. In Vitro Correlates of Cellular Immunity and Their Mediators 74
VIII. In Vivo Realities—The Scope of Cellular Immunity 78
IX. Immunological Amnesia—The Price of Immunosuppression 83
X. Deciphering the Language of Cells 84
XI. Cellular Ecology—Waste Disposal and the Loss of Immunological Virginity 85
XII. Cries of Relevance and Immunological Reconstitution 86
XIII. Conclusion 88
References 88
Chapter 4. Transplantation Immunology 90
I. Introduction 91
II. Mechanisms of Rejection 93
III. Physiological Consequences of Classic Rejection 102
IV. Immunosuppression 104
V. Changing Host-Graft Relationships 110
VI. Graft Pretreatment 120
VII. Histocompatibility Typing in Patients 122
VIII. Is Clinical Organ Transplantation Practical? 125
References 126
Chapter 5. Immunological Tolerance 128
I. Introduction 128
II. Relevance to Medicine 130
III. T and B Lymphocytes 131
IV. Antibody Affinity 131
V. Protein Antigens 132
VI. Pneumococcal Polysaccharide 135
VII. Antigen-Binding Cells in Tolerant Animals 137
VIII. In Vitro Tests for Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity 137
IX. Blocking and Unblocking Serum Factors 139
X. Induced Tolerance to Allogeneic Cells 140
XI. Chimerism 142
XII. Transplanted Organs 143
XIII. Viruses and Virus-Induced Tumors 144
XIV. Tolerance to Foreign Red Blood Cells 146
XV. Tolerance to Skin Sensitizers 147
XVI. T-Cell Control 147
XVII. Ontogeny of Immune Responsiveness 148
XVIII. Development of Autoimmunity 150
XIX. In Vitro Studies of Tolerance and Underlying Mechanisms 151
References 153
Chapter 6. Inflammation 154
I. Introduction 154
II. Vascular Phase 155
III. Cellular Phase 157
IV. Lymphatics 159
V. Mediators 160
VI. Control of Inflammation 166
VII. Chronic Inflammation 168
VIII. Conclusion 169
References 170
Chapter 7. Fundamental Immunogenetics—Their Application to Histocompatibility 172
I. Introduction 172
II. Basic Genetics 174
III. Genes and Antigens 177
IV. Transplantation Genetics in the Mouse 179
V. Histocompatibility in Man 183
VI. Addendum 192
Chapter 8. Humoral Amplification Systems in Inflammation 194
I. Introduction 194
II. Complement 195
III. Kinin-Generating System 201
IV. Concluding Comments 205
References 207
Chapter 9. Immunosuppression 208
Introduction 208
I. Agents or Methods That Do Not Discriminate for Lymphocytes 211
II. Agents That Discriminate for Lymphocytes 215
III. Agents That Discriminate for Macrophages 217
IV. Agents That Discriminate between Lymphocyte Subpopulations 219
V. Agents That Discriminate for Specific Reactive Lymphocyte Clones 227
Miscellaneous Comments 229
References 230
Chapter 10. Tumor Immunology 234
I. Introduction 234
II. Critical Demonstration of Specific Defense Reactions against Experimental Tumors 236
III. Tumor-Associated Antigens in Virus-Induced Experimental Neoplasms 238
IV. In Vitro Approaches 240
V. Escapes 244
VI. Studies on Human Tumors 249
VII. Etiological Clues 253
References 254
Chapter 11. Allergy 258
I. Introduction 258
II. The Target Cells 260
III. The Antibodies 262
IV. The Allergens 266
V. Mediators 267
VI. The Interaction between Cell-Bound IgE and Allergen 270
VII. Mechanism of Mediator Release by the IgE-Allergen Interaction 270
VIII. The Relation of Intrinsic Asthma to the Allergic Response 273
IX. The Clinical Diagnosis of Allergic Diseases 275
X. The Pharmacological Therapy of Allergic Diseases 277
XI. The Immunological Therapy of Allergic Diseases 278
References 283
Chapter 12. Immunological Deficiency Disease 286
I. Introduction 286
II. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency 287
III. Infantile X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia 291
IV. Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy 294
V. Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies 296
VI. X-Linked Immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM 297
VII. Congenital Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge's Syndrome) 298
VIII. Episodic Lymphopenia with Lymphocytotoxin 299
IX. Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome 300
X. Hereditary Ataxia-Telangiectasia 300
XI. Immunodeficiency with Normal or Hyperimmunoglobulinemia 301
XII. Immunodeficiency with Short-Limbed Dwarfism 301
XIII. Immunodeficiency with Thymoma 301
XIV. Common, Variable, Unclassifiable Immunodeficiency 302
XV. Secondary Defects in Immunity 303
XVI. Summary 304
References 304
SUBJECT INDEX 306