Immunological Surveillance (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Immunological Surveillance 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 6
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY CONSPECTUS 10
Darwinism amongst somatic cells 10
The general character of malignant disease 13
Immunological status of the cancer cell 15
Are there antigens specific for tumours as tumours? 20
Delayed hypersensitivity and homograft rejection 22
The evolution of adaptive immunity 28
The nature of ageing 31
CHAPTER II. IMMUNITY AND TOLERANCE:THE CURRENT CONCEPTS 38
Antibody and specific immune pattern 39
The cellular aspects of immune function 49
The nature of tolerance 55
CHAPTER III. DIFFERENTIATION AND SOMATIC MUTATION 59
General considerations 60
Experimental approaches to cell differentiation in mammals 62
Somatic mutation 77
CHAPTER IV. THE THYMUS-DEPENDENT SYSTEM 85
Homograft Rejection and Immunity 85
Interpretation of homograft immunity 89
Delayed hypersensitivity 93
Surface carriage of antigen 93
The cells involved in delayed hypersensitivity 96
Immunopathological conditions bearing on the two immune systems 98
Measles in relation to immunopathology 103
Hodgkin's disease 105
Sarcoidosis 107
Summary 108
CHAPTER V. THE EVOLUTION OF THE IMMUNE PROCESS 110
Immunological capacity of lower vertebrates 111
Responses to foreign material in invertebrates 113
Possible origin of an adaptive system of immunity in ancestral cyclostomes 116
Thomas's hypothesis 120
The evolution of cellular functions 122
The evolution of receptors and immunoglobulins 127
CHAPTER VI. THE GENERAL NATURE OF MALIGNANCY 130
Somatic-Genetic Changes 131
Maturation arrest: myelomatosis, etc 134
Age-specific incidence of cancer 137
The experimental approach 139
Chemical carcinogens 140
Radiation carcinogenesis 144
Bland membrane carcinogenesis 146
Tumour induction by viruses 147
Proliferative effect of viruses 148
The laboratory origin of cancer viruses 149
Murine cancer viruses 151
CHAPTER VII. ANTIGENIC QUALITIES OF NEOPLASTIC CELLS 154
The importance of cell surface 156
Deletion of antigens 159
Production of functionally abnormal proteins 161
Tumour-specific immunity 164
Immunity to virus induced malignancy 167
Summary 168
CHAPTER VIII. IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE 170
A. Clinical implications 170
B. The experimental approach to immunological surveillance 184
CHAPTER IX. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASEIN RELATION TO SURVEILLANCE 195
Determinative and Stochastic Processes 195
The cellular origin of autoimmune disease: its relation to malignancy 198
Burch's approach to autoimmune disease 204
Remission and spontaneous cure in autoimmune disease 206
The accessibility of immunocytes as target cells 212
The association of autoimmune disease with immunological deficiency 214
CHAPTER X. APPROACHES TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF SENESCENCE 217
The evolutionary-genetic approach 217
Environmental considerations 219
Physiological and cellular changes 221
"Wear and tear" 222
Biological Clocks 223
Organs out of time with the body as a whole 224
Somatic-genetic processes 229
Autoimmunity 232
An immunological approach to ageing 233
The Hayflick Limit 234
The thymus as biological clock 235
Indirect evidence for the immunological approach 238
The Philosopher's Stone 242
EPILOGUE 245
ADDENDA 252
REFERENCES 254
INDEX 282