Inflammatory Process (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Inflammatory Process 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
CONTRIBUTORS 6
PREFACE 8
CHAPTER 1. The Experimental Approach to Inflammation 20
I. Introduction 20
II. The Gross Pathology of Inflammation 22
III. The Light Microscope and the Study of Inflammation 26
IV. Bacteriology and Immunology 28
V. Phagocytosis 32
VI. Chemotaxis 34
VII. The Physiologic Approach to Problems of Inflammation 34
VIII. Chemical Mediators of Inflammation 44
IX. The Electron Microscope and Changes in Ultrastructure 48
X. Conclusion 50
References 50
CHAPTER 2. Some Ultrastructural and Biochemical Consequences of Cell Injury 54
I. Introduction 54
II. The Cytoplasm 58
III. The Nucleus 120
IV. Concluding Remarks 127
Acknowledgments 128
References 128
CHAPTER 3. The Ultrastructural Basis of Capillary Permeability 140
I. Introduction 140
II. Permeability of Capillaries 141
III. Capillary Structure 145
IV. Discussion of Various Mechanisms Proposed for the Control of Capillary Permeability 172
V. Summary and Conclusions 174
Acknowledgment 176
References 176
CHAPTER 4. Microvascular Aspects of Tissue Injury 180
I. General Aspects of Reaction 180
II. Specific Components 188
III. Summary Statement 207
References 211
CHAPTER 5. The Sticking and Emigration of White Blood Cells in Inflammation 216
I. Introduction 216
II. History of the Problem 226
III. Fate of Emigrated Cells in the Extravascular Tissues 240
IV. The Influence of pH on the Emigration of White Cells 243
V. Relationship between White Cell Sticking and Vascular Permeability 244
VI. Chemotaxis 251
VII. Electrochemical Factors 255
VIII. Summary 258
References 259
CHAPTER 6. Neutrophil and Eosinophil Leucocytes 264
I. Introduction 264
II. Neutrophil Leucocytes 265
III. The Eosinophil Leucocyte 285
References 296
CHAPTER 7. The "Life History" and Functions of Lymphocytes 300
I. Introduction 300
II. General Description of Lymphocytes 301
III. Origins and Early Development of Lymphocytes 304
IV. "Life Span" and Turnover of Small Lymphocytes 308
V. Recirculation of Small Lymphocytes 310
VI. Alleged Transformations of Lymphocytes into Other Cell Types 317
VII. The Proposed Trephocytic Function of Lymphocytes 321
VIII. The Immunologic Activity of Lymphocytes 324
IX. Summary and Conclusions 335
Acknowledgments 336
References 336
CHAPTER 8. The Metabolism and Physiology of the Mononuclear Phagocytes 342
I. Introduction and Historical Development 342
II. Nomenclature 344
III. Morphology 344
IV. Distribution 347
V. Origin 349
VI. Development and Differentiation 349
VII. Biochemistry and Metabolism 351
VIII. The Inflammatory Response 356
IX. Functional Properties 359
X. Special Relationships to Bacteria and Viruses 366
References 368
CHAPTER 9. Structural and Biochemical Characteristics of Mast Cells 374
I. Introduction 374
II. Origin and Distribution of Mast Cells 375
III. Normal Tissue Mast Cells Neoplastic Mast Cells
IV. Mast Cell Cytology 377
V. Biochemistry of the Mast Cells 385
VI. Functional View of the Tissue Mast Cell 392
VII. Mast Cells in Pathologic Disorders 395
VIII. Concluding Remarks 402
References 402
CHAPTER 10. Chemical Mediators. I 408
I. Introduction 408
II. Early Vascular Events in Inflammation 409
III. Endogenous Mediators of the Vascular Events 416
IV. Evidence for the Natural Role of Proteases, Polypeptides, and Amines in the Inflammatory Process 430
V. Investigations of Other Possible Mediators in Inflammation 437
VI. Conclusions 439
References 439
CHAPTER 11. Chemical Mediators. II 446
I. Histamine 446
II. 5-Hydroxytryptamine 457
III. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 460
IV. Conclusions 463
References 465
CHAPTER 12. The Role of Lysosomes in Tissue Injury 468
I. The Lysosome Concept 469
II. Vitamin A and Lysosomes 470
III. Stabilization of Lysosomes by Cortisone 472
IV. Ultraviolet Light and Lysosomes 473
V. Lysosomes in Endotoxin Shock 474
VI. Streptolysins and Lysosomes 475
VII. Leucocyte Granules and Tissue Injury 475
VIII. Lysosomes and Tissue Necrosis 478
IX. Summary 480
References 480
CHAPTER 13. Hemostatic Mechanisms in Tissue Injury 484
I. Introduction 484
II. The Hemostatic Plug 486
III. Vascular and Tissue Factors in Hemostasis 505
IV. Hemostasis as a Whole 508
References 510
CHAPTER 14. Fever 514
I. Introduction 514
II. Historical 515
III. Experimental Models for Investigating the Pathogenesis of Fever 517
IV. Endogenous Pyrogens 532
V. Clinical 542
References 547
CHAPTER 15. Fibroplasia: A Sequel to Lymphocyte Exudation 554
I. Introduction: Development of Concepts Relating Fibroplasia to Leucocyte Exudation 554
II. Origin of the Blastema in Amphibian Regeneration 556
III. Studies of Lymphocyte Participation in Tissue Repair in Mammals 557
IV. Experiments with Labeled Cells 561
V. The "Transforming Principle" and Fibroplasia 568
VI. Synthesis of Collagen as a Functional Characteristic of Certain Connective Tissue Cells 571
VII. Conclusion 573
Acknowledgment 574
References 574
CHAPTER 16. Anti-Inflammatory Agents 578
I. Introduction 578
II. The Influence of Experimental Conditions upon the Inflammatory Reaction 579
III. Anti-Inflammatory Agents 580
References 592
CHAPTER 17. Delayed Hypersensitivity 596
I. Introduction 596
II. Different Types of Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions 597
III. Immunologic Specificity of Delayed Reactions 598
IV. Passive Transfer 600
V. Gross and Histologic Appearance 601
VI. Cellular Studies 601
VII. Desensitization 604
References 604
CHAPTER 18. Anaphylaxis: Systemic, Local Cutaneous and In Vitro 606
I. Introduction 606
II. Properties of the Pharmacologic Mediators 607
III. Systemic Anaphylaxis 609
IV. Local Cutaneous Anaphylaxis 616
V. In Vitro Anaphylaxis 621
VI. Concluding Comments 626
Acknowledgments 627
References 627
CHAPTER 19. The Arthus Reaction 632
I. Introduction 632
II. Production of the Arthus Reaction 633
III. Antibodies Inefficient in Provoking Arthus Reactions 647
IV. Mediators of the Arthus Reaction 649
V. Differentiation of the Arthus Vasculitis from Other Inflammatory Vascular Reactions 660
VI. Healing of the Reaction 664
Acknowledgments 664
References 664
CHAPTER 20. Experimental Serum Sickness 668
I. Introduction and Historical Background 668
II. Experimental Production of Lesions with Foreign Serum 669
III. Experimental Production of Lesions with Purified Heterologous Proteins 670
IV. Structural Aspects of the Lesions of Serum Sickness 671
V. Analysis of Immune Events in Course of Serum Sickness 678
VI. Tissue Damaging Properties of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes 683
VII. Character and Distribution of Lesions Produced in Rabbits by Prolonged Repeated Injections 692
VIII. Factors Affecting the Localization of Circulating Antigen-Antibody Com­plexes 694
IX. Other Pathogenic Factors in Serum Sickness 698
Acknowledgments 700
References 701
CHAPTER 21. Inflammation in Homograft Rejection 704
I. Introduction 704
II. General Pattern of Inflammation in Homograft Rejection 705
III. Rejection Patterns in Different Tissues and Organs 716
IV. Discussion 730
References 741
CHAPTER 22. Autoimmune Diseases 750
I. Introduction 750
II. Testis 751
III. Lens 755
IV. Uvea 758
V. Nervous Tissue 760
VI. Thyroid 764
VII. Generalized Autoimmune Diseases 769
VIII. Discussion 774
IX. Perspectives 777
References 777
CHAPTER 23. The Cellular Basis of Antibody Formation 782
I. Introduction 782
II. The Histology of the Primary and Secondary Antibody Response 785
III. The Role of the Reticuloendothelial System in Antibody Formation 790
IV. Modification of the Antibody Response by Adjuvants 791
V. Plasma Cell 793
VI. Cellular Origin of Different Classes of Immunoglobulins 799
VII. Antibody Formation by Single Cells 800
VIII. Antibody Formation durin g Inflammation 802
IX. Agammaglobulinemia 803
X. Germ-Free Animals 804
XI Summary 804
Acknowledgments 805
References 805
CHAPTER 24. The Local and Generalized Shwartzman Phenomena 810
I. Introduction 810
II. Local Shwartzman Phenomenon 811
III. Generalized Shwartzman Phenomenon 820
References 834
CHAPTER 25. The Role of Complement in Immune Phenomena 838
I. Introduction 838
II. The Complement System—General Considerations 839
III. Specific Immune Phenomena Involving Antibody and Complement 866
References 888
CONTRIBUTORS: BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 892
AUTHOR INDEX 896
SUBJECT INDEX 938