Stability and Control (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Stability and Control 6
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 12
PREFACE 8
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 18
1:1 HISTORICAL 20
1:2 FLYING QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 21
1:3 DYNAMIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 21
1:4 STATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY (Straight Flight) 22
1:5 STATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY (Curved Flight Paths) 23
1:6 CONTROL POWER 24
1:7 LONGITUDINAL TRIM CHANGES AND TRIMMING DEVICES 25
1:8 DYNAMIC LATERAL STABILITY 25
1:9 STATIC DIRECTIONAL AND LATERAL STABILITY 26
1:10 RUDDER CONTROL POWER 27
1:11 RUDDER PEDAL FORCES 28
1:12 LATERAL CONTROL POWER 28
1:13 LATERAL CONTROL FORCES 29
1:14 DIRECTIONAL AND LATERAL TRIMMING DEVICES 29
1:15 STALLING CHARACTERISTICS 30
1:16 SPINNING CHARACTERISTICS 30
1:17 HIGH SPEED REQUIREMENTS 31
1:18 FLIGHT RESEARCH 31
CHAPTER 2. AIRPLANE MOTIONS 32
ABSTRACT 35
TERMINOLOGY 36
2:1 INTRODUCTION 38
2:2 EQUATIONS OF MOTION 39
2:3 LONGITUDINAL MOTIONS 41
2:4 LATERAL MOTIONS 49
REFERENCES 54
CHAPTER 3. STATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY AND CONTROL 56
ABSTRACT 58
TERMINOLOGY 59
3:1 INTRODUCTION 60
3:2 NEUTRAL POINTS AND MANEUVER POINTS 65
3:3 THE FLIGHT DETERMINATION OF STICK-FIXED NEUTRAL POINTS 66
3:4 THE FLIGHT DETERMINATION OF STICK-FREE NEUTRAL POINT 71
3:5 EFFECTIVE WEIGHT MOMENT TESTING 79
3:6 NOSE WHEEL LIFT-OFF 84
3:7 LANDING HOLD-OFF 85
3:8 CHANGE IN TRIM WITH POWER AND FLAP SETTINGS 85
REFERENCES 88
CHAPTER 4. FLIGHT TESTING AIRCRAFT FOR 
90 
ABSTRACT 92
TERMINOLOGY 93
4:1 INTRODUCTION 94
4:2 FLYING QUALITIES REQUIREMENTS 95
4:3 PREDICTION OF STICK-FIXED MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS 101
4:4 PREDICTION OF STICK-FREE MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS 104
4:5 INSTRUMENTATION 107
4:6 FLIGHT TEST TECHNIQUES 108
4:7 DATA REDUCTION METHODS AND TYPICAL FLIGHT TEST DATA 110
4:8 DETERMINATION OF AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS FROM STEADY MANEUVERING FLIGHT DATA 121
REFERENCES 123
CHAPTER 5. LATERAL AND DIRECTIONAL CONTROL AND THE MEASUREMENT 
 
126 
ABSTRACT 128
TERMINOLOGY 131
5:1 INTRODUCTION 134
5:2 DESIRABLE CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS IN STEADY FLIGHT 134
5:3 RELATIONS BETWEEN CONTROL POSITION AND SIDESLIP STABILITY AND AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF THE AIRCRAFT 144
5:4 FLIGHT TESTS FOR DETERMINATION OF THE CONTROL POSITION AND SIDESLIP STABILITY PARAMETERS AND CONTROL EFFECTIVENESS COEFFICIENTS 147
5:5 CALCULATION OF STABILITY DERIVATIVES FROM RESULTS OF FLIGHT TESTS 159
5:6 LATERAL AND DIRECTIONAL CONTROL IN FLIGHT ON ASYMMETRIC POWER 161
5:7 FLIGHT TESTS ON ASYMMETRIC POWER 168
5:8 SUMMARY 175
REFERENCES 177
APPENDIX I. RELATION BETWEEN CONTROL POSITION STABILITY AND DYNAMIC STABILITY 178
APPENDIX II. DEFINITION OF AIRCRAFT CONFIGURATIONS 180
TABLE 181
CHAPTER 6. FLIGHT TECHNIQUES USED TO DETERMINE 
184 
ABSTRACT 187
TERMINOLOGY 188
6:1 INTRODUCTION 190
6:2 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO LATERAL CONTROL 190
6:3 DESIGN PARAMETERS AFFECTING COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS 195
6:4 VARIOUS FORMS OF LATERAL CONTROL SURFACES 206
6:5 INSTRUMENTATION FOR LATERAL CONTROL TESTING 212
6:6 FLIGHT TEST PROCEDURE FOR LATERAL CONTROL TESTING 214
6:7 DATA REDUCTION AND TYPICAL DATA 217
REFERENCES 230
CHAPTER 7. STALLING AND THE MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMUM LIFT 236
ABSTRACT 238
7:1 INTRODUCTION 239
7:2 MAXIMUM LIFT 239
7:3 THE LIFT-INCIDENCE CURVE AND STALLING BEHAVIOR 240
7:4 DRAG 242
7:5 PITCHING MOMENT 242
7:6 INVESTIGATION OF STALLING BEHAVIOR 244
7:7 MEASUREMENT OF MAXIMUM LIFT COEFFICIENT 245
7:8 HIGH LIFT DEVICES AND STALLING BEHAVIOR 246
CHAPTER 8. SPINNING 248
PART I - GENERAL PRINCIPALS OF SPINNING 252
ABSTRACT 250
TERMINOLOGY 251
8:1 INTRODUCTION 252
8:2 EQUILIBRIUM IN THE SPIN 252
8:3 THE METHODS OF RECOVERY FROM THE SPIN AND CONTROL 
260 
8:4 THE OSCILLATORY SPIN 261
8:5 THE INVERTED SPIN 264
8:6 ANTI-SPIN PARACHUTES 264
PART II - SPIN FLIGHT TESTS 266
8:7 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 266
8:8 MODEL SPIN TESTS AND FULL SCALE CORRELATION 266
8:9 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 266
8:10 SPINNING OF UNCONVENTIONAL AIRCRAFT 268
8:11 EMERGENCY ANTI-SPIN DEVICES 269
8:12 SPIN CHUTE COCKPIT CONTROLS 271
8:13 CHECKS OF SPIN CHUTE INSTALLATION 274
8:14 INSTRUMENTATION 274
8:15 CHOICE OF PILOT 276
8:16 THE FLIGHT SPIN TESTS 276
8:17 REDUCTION OF DATA 282
8:18 PRESENTATION OF DATA IN GRAPHICAL FORM 283
8:19 GENERAL FORM OF THE TEST REPORT 283
CHAPTER 9. HIGH SPEED STABILITY AND CONTROL PROBLEMS 286
TERMINOLOGY 289
9:1 INTRODUCTION 292
9:2 GENERAL REMARKS ON HIGH SPEED STABILITY AND CONTROL 
292 
9:3 CONCEPT OF THE ALTITUDE-MACH NUMBER FLIGHT ENVELOPE 293
9:4 CONCEPT OF THE LOAD FACTOR-MACH NUMBER FLIGHT ENVELOPE 298
9:5 TESTING PROCEDURES FOR SOME SPECIAL HIGH SPEED STABILITY 
302 
9:6 TESTING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH IRREVERSIBLE FLIGHT-CONTROL SYSTEMS 320
9:7 TESTING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOMATIC FLIGHT-CONTROL SYSTEMS AT HIGH SPEEDS 321
9:8 CONCLUSIONS 323
REFERENCES 324
CHAPTER 10. DYNAMIC RESPONSE TECHNIQUES 328
10:1 INTRODUCTION 330
10:2 SYMBOLS AND NOTATION 330
10:3 HISTORICAL SKETCH OF DYNAMIC STABILITY FLIGHT TESTING FROM 
334 
10:4 METHODS OF PERFORMING DYNAMIC RESPONSE MEASUREMENTS 335
10:5 EQUATIONS OF MOTION 339
10:6 FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATIONS ON DERIVATIVE EXTRACTION 341
10:7 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 343
10:8 CONVERSION OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE TO FREQUENCY RESPONSE FORM 347
10:9 NONSTATIONARY FLOW EFFECTS 350
10:10 AEROELASTIC EFFECTS 351
10:11 EXAMPLES OF RESULTS OBTAINED FROM FLIGHT TESTS 353
REFERENCES 361
CHAPTER 11. MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETATION OF FLIGHT TEST DATA 
364 
ABSTRACT 366
11:1 INTRODUCTION 367
11:2 THE CONDUCT OF FLIGHT TESTS 367
11:3 GENERAL INSTRUMENT REQUIREMENTS 373
11:4 INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISTICS 377
11:5 INTERPRETATION OF DATA 446
REFERENCES 459
CHAPTER 12. ROUTINE HANDLING TESTS 
462 
12:1 INTRODUCTION 464
12:2 PREFLIGHT TESTS 464
12:3 STARTING, RUN-UP, TAXYING 467
12:4 ASSESSMENT OF CONTROLS IN FLIGHT 468
12:5 ASSESSMENT OF STABILITY 474
12:6 NIGHT FLYING AND INSTRUMENT FLYING 478
12:7 CENTER OF GRAVITY RANGE AND OTHER ENVELOPE CONDITIONS 479
12:8 STANDARDS OF ACCEPTANCE 480
CHAPTER 13. STUDY OF THE HANDLING CHARACTERISTICS 
482 
TERMINOLOGY 484
13:1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 485
13:2 THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE TRANSFER FUNCTION 
486 
13:3 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF HELICOPTER 
488 
13:4 INTRODUCTION OF A HUMAN PILOT 490
13:5 STUDY OF THE CLOSED-CYCLE HELICOPTER + PILOT 492
13:6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 495
CHAPTER 14. A SURVEY OF FLIGHT FLUTTER TESTING TECHNIQUES 500
PREFACE 502
14:1 INTRODUCTION 503
14:2 DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF FLIGHT FLUTTER TESTING 503
14:3 GENERAL TECHNIQUES OF FLIGHT FLUTTER TESTING 506
14:4 METHODS OF EXCITATION 510
14:5 MEASURING AND RECORDING METHODS 516
14:6 CONCLUSIONS 519
REFERENCES 520