Instrumentation Systems (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Instrumentation Systems 6
Copyright Page 3
Table of Contents 12
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 7
PREFACE 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9
FOREWORD 10
PART I: INTRODUCTION 20
CHAPTER 1. THE SYSTEMS CONCEPT IN PLANNING FLIGHT TEST INSTRUMENTATION 22
IA:1 INTRODUCTION 24
IA:2 SYSTEMS PLANNING 24
CHAPTER 2. THE FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COMPONENT PARTS OF AN INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM 32
IB:1 INTRODUCTION 34
IB:2 FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES 34
IB:3 TYPICAL SYSTEMS 44
PART II: DATA COLLECTION 46
CHAPTER A. CHARACTERISTICS OF MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 48
IIA1:1 SUMMARY 50
IIA1:2 THE OPERATION OF MEASUREMENT 50
CHAPTER B. DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS 58
IIA2:1 INTRODUCTION 60
IIA2:2 THE RESPONSE OF A LINEAR SYSTEM TO A SINUSOIDAL INPUT 60
IIA2:3 THE RESPONSE OF A LINEAR SYSTEM TO AN ARBITRARY INPUT 65
IIA2:4 CHOICE OF INSTRUMENT DYNAMIC RESPONSE FOR A PARTICULAR MEASUREMENT 66
IIA2:5 NONLINEAR EFFECTS IN MEASURING SYSTEMS 68
IIA2:6 METHODS OF PROVIDING DAMPING PROPORTIONAL TO VELOCITY 69
IIA2:7 METHODS FOR DETERMINING DYNAMIC RESPONSE 71
REFERENCES 72
CHAPTER C. DISPLACEMENT MEASUREMENT AS THE BASIS OF TRANSDUCING TECHNIQUES 74
IIA3:1 INTRODUCTION 76
IIA3:2 MECHANICAL AND OPTICAL METHODS OF DEFLECTION TRANSMISSION 77
1IA3:3 ELECTRICAL TRANSDUCERS 78
1IA3:4 ELECTRICAL AXES WITHOUT AMPLIFIERS 85
IIA3:5 SERVO SYSTEMS 87
REFERENCES 88
CHAPTER D. TEMPERATURE SENSING TECHNIQUES 90
IIA4:1 INTRODUCTION 92
IIA4:2 TEMPERATURE SENSING DEVICES USED IN FLIGHT TESTING 92
IIA4:3 THERMOMETER APPLICATIONS IN FLIGHT TESTING 95
IIA4:4 DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THERMOMETERS 99
IIA4:5 CALIBRATION METHODS 101
REFERENCES 103
CHAPTER E. PRESSURE SENSING TECHNIQUES 106
IIA5:1 INTRODUCTION 108
IIA5:2 PRESSURE MEASURING DEVICES 108
IIA5:3 THE MEASUREMENT OF STATIC AND TOTAL PRESSURES 112
IIA5:4 SYSTEM RESPONSE TO CHANGING PRESSURES 114
I1A5:5 CALIBRATION METHODS 118
REFERENCES 120
CHAPTER F. ACCELERATION AND VIBRATION SENSING TECHNIQUE 122
1IA6:1 RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 124
IIA6:2 ABSOLUTE VIBRATION INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN STRUCTURAL RESEARCH 125
IIA6:3 INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING ACCELERATIONS IN AERONAUTICAL MEASUREMENT 128
IIA6:4 STATISTICAL ACCELEROMETERS FOR FATIGUE RESEARCH 132
IIA6:5 ANGULAR ACCELEROMETERS 134
IIA6:6 CALIBRATION METHODS 134
REFERENCES 136
CHAPTER G. FORCE AND STRAIN SENSING TECHNIQUES 138
IIA7:1 INTRODUCTION 140
IIA7:2 COMPARISON OF INDUCTIVE, CAPACITIVE, AND RESISTIVE GAGING 140
IIA7:3 THE BONDED WIRE RESISTANCE STRAIN GAGE 142
HA7:4 UNBONDED STRAIN GAGES 167
REFERENCES 171
CHAPTER H. ATTITUDE SENSING TECHNIQUES 174
IIA8:1 INTRODUCTION 176
IIA8:2 MEASUREMENT OF ANGULAR POSITION RELATIVE TO THE EARTH 176
REFERENCES 186
CHAPTER I. FLUID FLOW SENSING TECHNIQUES 188
IIA9:1 INTRODUCTION 190
IIA9:2 BERNOULLI EQUATION 190
I1A9:3 DIRECT VELOCITY MEASUREMENT 195
IIA9:4 DIRECT MASS FLOW MEASUREMENTS 202
IIA9:5 SUMMARY 209
REFERENCES 209
CHAPTER J. ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR AND ICING SENSING TECHNIQUES 212
IIA10:1 INTRODUCTION 214
IIA10:2 DEFINITIONS AND UNITS 214
IIA10:3 MEASURING TECHNIQUES 218
IIA10:4 CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES 228
REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER K. AIRFLOW DIRECTION AND CHARACTER SENSING TECHNIQUES 232
IIA11:1 AIRFLOW DIRECTION SENSING 234
llA11:2 ASSESSMENT OF FLOW QUALITY 238
REFERENCES 240
CHAPTER L. TACHOMETRY 242
REFERENCES 245
CHAPTER M. THE TECHNIQUES FOR SENSING COMBUSTIBLE GASES AND VAPORS 246
llA13:1 INTRODUCTION 248
IIA13:2 LIMITS OF INFLAMMABILITY OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES IN AIR 248
IIA13:3 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF INFLAMMABILITY LIMITS 252
IIA13:4 CORRELATION OF INFLAMMABILITY LIMITS 252
IIA13:5 METHODS OF SENSING AND TRANSDUCING INFLAMMABLE GASES 255
IIA13:6 CATALYTIC COMBUSTION 256
IIA13:7 THE NATURE OF THE CATALYTIC EFFECT 257
IIA13:8 CATALYST POISONING 257
IIA13:9 SYSTEMS UTILIZING THE CHANGE IN RESISTANCE OF A HEATED FILAMENT 257
IIA13.10 TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION 260
IIA13:11 PRESSURE COMPENSATION 260
IIA13.12 OTHER SYSTEMS EMPLOYING A CATALYTIC FILAMENT 261
IIA13:13 CONCLUSIONS 262
REFERENCES 262
CHAPTER N. TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING INSTRUMENTATION EQUIPMENT 
 
264 
IIA14:1 INTRODUCTION 266
IIA14:2 CATEGORIES OF EQUIPMENT THAT MUST BE USED IN POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS AREAS 266
IIA14:3 EXPLOSIVE ENVIRONMENTS 268
IIA14:4 TESTS FOR ASCERTAINING THE SAFETY OF EQUIPMENT 270
IIA14:5 TECHNIQUES FOR MAKING EQUIPMENT SAFE IN HAZARDOUS AREAS 274
IIA14:6 CONCLUSION 279
REFERENCES 279
CHAPTER O. THRUST SENSING AND TRANSDUCING TECHNIQUES 280
IIA15:1 INTRODUCTION 282
IIA15:2 DETERMINATION OF EFFECTIVE THRUST 285
IIA15:3 THRUST CALCULATION 292
IIA15:4 MEASURING THRUST OF AN ENGINE POD 292
IIA15:5 VISUAL COCKPIT THRUST INDICATORS 292
IIA15:6 OPTIMUM CRUISE CONTROL 295
IIA15:7 ACCURACY OF MEASUREMENT 295
IIA15:8 SUMMARY 296
REFERENCES 296
APPENDIX: SAMPLE PROCEDURE FOR EFFECTIVE THRUST CALCULATION 298
PART II B 308
CHAPTER 1. SIGNAL MODIFIERS 308
IIB:1 INTRODUCTION 310
IIB:2 CONVERSION OF THE OUTPUT OF A TRANSDUCER INTO AVOLTAGE OR CURRENT 312
IIB:3 PRERECORDING COMPUTATION 318
IIB:4 AMPLIFICATION 322
IIB:5 AMPLIFIER POWER SUPPLIES 330
IIB:6 MULTICHANNEL INSTRUMENTS 333
IIB:7 ELECTRICAL FILTERS AND EQUALIZING NETWORKS 334
IIB:8 ELECTRICAL INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION 336
IIB:9 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 342
REFERENCES 343
GENERAL 345
CHAPTER 2. TELEMETRY 346
IIC1:1 INTRODUCTION 348
IIC1:2 FLIGHT TEST APPLICATIONS OF RADIO TELEMETERING 348
IIC1:3 GENERAL ANALYSES OF TELEMETERING SYSTEMS 350
IIC1:4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 361
IIC1:5 TYPICAL OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS 363
IIC1:6 EVALUATION 364
REFERENCES 364
CHAPTER 3. FRENCH TELEMETERING SYSTEMS 368
IIC2:1 INTRODUCTION 372
IIC2:2 THE ONERA TELEMETER 372
IIC2:3 THE SFENA TELEMETER 376
IIC2:4 THE TURCK TELEMETER 379
IIC2:5 THE DEFA-APX TELEMETER 383
IIC2:6 ONERA TELEMETER WITH LARGE BAND WIDTH 386
IIC2:7 THE SEXTA REMOTE CONTROL APPARATUS 387
APPENDIX 388
CHAPTER 4. RECORDERS 390
IID:1 GRAPHIC METHODS 392
IID:2 PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS 398
IID:3 ELECTRIC METHODS 424
IID:4 METHODS OF SEMIRECORDERS 433
CHAPTER 5. GROUND TRACKING SYSTEMS FOR DETERMINING POSITION AND VELOCITY 442
IIE:1 INTRODUCTION 444
IIE:2 DIRECT TIMING METHODS 444
IIE:3 PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS 448
11E:4 RADIO METHODS 464
REFERENCES 469
PART III: DATA REDUCTION SYSTEMS 472
A. INTRODUCTION TO DATA REDUCTION SYSTEMS 472
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO DATA REDUCTION SYSTEMS 474
11IA:1 INTRODUCTION AND FUNDAMENTAL PRECEPTS 476
IIIA:2 PROCESSING EQUIPMENT 478
IIIA:3 COMPUTERS 486
IIIA:4 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND PROBLEMS 494
REFERENCES 496
PART III B 498
CHAPTER 2. THE ROLE OF THE DIGITAL COMPUTER IN AERONAUTICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 498
IIIB:1 THE STORED-PROGRAM DIGITAL COMPUTER 500
IIIB:2 ORDER MODIFICATION 503
IIIB:3 WHAT COMPUTERS CAN DO, AND WHEN THEY SHOULD BE USED 504
IIIB:4 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 505
IIIB:5 HOW A COMPUTER SOLVES A PROBLEM 505
IIIB:6 A DATA-REDUCTION EXAMPLE 507
IIIB.7 ONE OR MANY 509
IIIB:8 COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES 509
IIIB:9 LOGICAL COMPUTING SYSTEMS 510
IIIB:10 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MACHINES 513
IIIB:11 PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS 514
IIIB:12 CONCLUSIONS 516
REFERENCES 516
PART IV: DATA ANALYSIS 518
CHAPTER 1. SYSTEMATIC ERRORS 520
IVA:1 INTRODUCTION 522
IVA:2 STATIC ERRORS 523
IVA:3 DYNAMIC ERRORS 526
CHAPTER 2. POWER SPECTRAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PROBLEMS IN AIRPLANE DYNAMICS 530
IVC:1 INTRODUCTION 532
IVC:2 RESPONSE DETERMINATION FOR ARBITRARY DISTURBANCES 533
IVC:3 RANDOM PROCESSES 535
IVC:4 THE MEASUREMENT OF POWER SPECTRA 546
IVC:5 APPLICATIONS 552
REFERENCES 563
APPENDIX A: THE NUMERICAL DETERMINATION OF POWER SPECTRA 566
APPENDIX B: ANALOG DETERMINATIONS OF POWER SPECTRA 569
APPENDIX C: CRUDE ASSESSMENT OF POWER SPECTRA 570