Frontiers in Catecholamine Research (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Frontiers in Catecholamine Research 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
INTRODUCTION 18
HISTORICAL 18
SUPPORT 20
PARTICIPANTS 20
Abbreviations 42
Part I: Keynote Address 44
CHAPTER 1. THE IMPACT OF MONOAMINE RESEARCH ON DRUG DEVELOPMENT 44
1. BIOSYNTHESIS 44
2. MEMBRANE PUMP 48
3. INTRANEURONAL STORAGE 48
REFERENCES 53
Part II: Enzymes 56
CHAPTER 2. TWO MECHANISMS OF CATECHOLAMINE STORAGE IN ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN GRANULES 58
GRANULAR MEMBRANES 58
INTRAGRANULAR INTERACTIONS 60
CONCLUDING REMARKS 61
REFERENCES 62
CHAPTER 3. PROPERTIES OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 64
SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 64
DIFFERENT MOLECULAR FORMS OF BOVINE ADRENAL TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 66
KINETIC STUDIES ON TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 66
SUMMARY 69
REFERENCES 69
CHAPTER 4. COFACTORS OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 70
REFERENCES 76
CHAPTER 5. CHARACTERISATION OF DOPA DECARBOXYLASE 78
PROPERTIES OF A HOMOGENOUS HOG KIDNEY DOPA DECARBOXYLASE 78
IMMUNOTITRATION OF DOPA AND 5HTP DECARBOXYLATING ACTIVITY 79
REGULATION OF DOPA DECARBOXYLASE 81
AXOPLASMIC TRANSPORT OF DOPA DECARBOXYLASE 82
REFERENCES 83
CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERISATION, LOCALISATION AND REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES 86
AROMATIC L-AMINO ACID DECARBOXYLASE (EC 4.1.1.28) 86
LOCALISATION OF AADC 87
DOPAMINE-ß-HYDROXYLASE (EC 1.14.2.1) 89
LOCALISATION OF DßH 91
PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N- METHYLTRANSFERASE (EC 2.2.1.-) 92
THE EFFECTS OF CYCLIC-AMP ON CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS 92
SUMMARY 94
REFERENCES 95
CHAPTER 7. IMMUNOLOGICAL LOCALISATION OF DOPAMINE-ß-HYDROXYLASE ON THE CHROMAFFIN GRANULE MEMBRANE 96
REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 8. NEW INHIBITORS OF MICROBIAL ORIGIN FOR DOPAMINE-ß-HYDROXYLASE 100
REFERENCES 103
CHAPTER 9. PICOLINIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS OF DOPAMINE ß-HYDROXYLASE IN VIVO THEIR EFFECTS ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND STRESS ULCER
REFERENCES 109
CHAPTER 10. THE INNERVATION OF CEREBRAL BLOOD VESSELS BY CENTRAL NORADRENERGIC NEURONS 110
REFERENCES 115
CHAPTER 11. COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON BOVINE AND GUINEA PIG TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 116
REFERENCES 119
CHAPTER 12. REGULATION OF PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 120
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF PHENYLETHANOLAMINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 120
REGULATION OF PHEN YLETH ANOLAMINE N-METHYLTRANSFERASE 121
GENETIC CONTROL OF PNMT 122
REFERENCES 123
CHAPTER 13. CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE 126
HETEROGENEITY OR HOMOGENEITY OF THE PURIFIED SOLUBLE COMT FROM RAT LIVER? 126
CONCLUSION 130
REFERENCES 131
CHAPTER 14. THE CELLULAR LOCALISATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF CATECHOL-O-METHYL TRANSFERASE IN THE BODY 132
NEURONAL LOCALISATION 132
EXTRANEURONAL LOCALISATION 132
FACTORS AFFECTING O-METHYLATION IN INTACT TISSUES 133
PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE OF COMT 133
REFERENCES 134
CHAPTER 15. IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CATECHOL-O-METHYLTRANSFERASE 136
REFERENCES 138
CHAPTER 16. NEW CONCEPTS ON THE N-METHYLATION REACTIONS OF BIOGENIC AMINES IN ADRENAL MEDULLA AND BRAIN 140
N-METHYLATION OF DOPAMINE AS A PREVIOUS STEP TO ADRENALINE FORMATION 140
N-METHYLATION OF BIOGENIC AMINES IN BRAIN WITH A NEW METHYL DONOR 145
REFERENCES 147
CHAPTER 17. RINGDEHYDROXYLATION AND N-METHYLATION OF NORADRENALINE AND DOPAMINE IN THE INTACT RAT BRAIN 148
REFERENCES 150
CHAPTER 18. DEGRADATION OF THE TRANSMITTER AMINES BY SPECIFIC TYPES OF MONOAMINE OXIDASES 152
CHARACTERISATION OF THE MONOAMINE OXIDASES BY SENSIVITY TO DRUGS 152
ENDOGENOUS AMINES AND THE SPECIFICITY OF THE MONOAMINE OXIDASES 152
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ADMINISTERING DEPRENYL AND CLORGYLINE ON THE METABOLISM OF THE ENDOGENOUS AMINES 153
LOCALIZATION OF THE MONOAMINE OXIDASES 154
CONCLUSIONS 156
REFERENCES 156
CHAPTER 19. THE IMPORTANCE OF THE 'HYDROXYLAMINE METABOLIC ROUTE' IN PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOKINETICS 158
HYDROXYLAMINE FORMATION FROM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ALIPHATIC AMINES — A GENERAL AND IMPORTANT METABOLIC ROUTE 158
HYDROXYLAMINES ARE LABILE METABOLITES —PROBLEMS OF IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION 158
HYDROXYLAMINES UNDERGO CHEMICAL CHANGES BY DIFFERENT ROUTES DEPENDING UPON THE GROUPS ATTACHED TO THE NITROGEN ATOM 159
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE 'HYDROXYLAMINE METABOLIC ROUTE' IN PHARMACOKINETICS AND TOXICOLOGY 159
IS THE 'HYDROXYLAMINE METABOLTC ROUTE' IMPORTANT IN MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF BIOGENIC AMINES? 161
REFERENCES 162
CHAPTER 20. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIAL MONOAMINE OXIDASES 164
REFERENCES 165
CHAPTER 21. THE NATURE OF THE ELECTROPHORETICALLY SEPARABLE FORMS OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE 166
REFERENCES 168
CHAPTER 22. TRANSFORMATION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASES AND DEAMINATION OF FATTY-AROMATIC MONOAMINES 170
REFERENCES 171
CHAPTER 23. ON THE MECHANISM OF INHIBITION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE 172
REFERENCES 174
CHAPTER 24. SELECTIVE LOCALISATION OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE FORMS IN RAT MESENTERIC ARTERY 176
INHIBITION OF MESENTERIC ARTERY MAO BY VARIOUS INHIBITORS 176
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL SYMPATHECTOMY ON RAT MESENTERIC ARTERY MONOAMINE OXIDASE 177
REFERENCES 179
CHAPTER 25. OXIDATIVE-REDUCTIVE PATHWAYS FOR METABOLISM OF BIOGENIC ALDEHYDES 180
REFERENCES 185
CHAPTER 26. SULFATE CONJUGATES IN THE BRAIN 186
EFFLUX OF MOPEG AND MOPEG-SO4 FROM BRAIN 186
MOPEG-SO4 AS A MEASURE OF NE TURNOVER 186
SULFATE CONJUGATION IN BRAIN OF THE CATECHOLAMINES AND THEIR METABOLITES 187
REFERENCES 190
REPORTER'S NOTES 192
REPORTER'S NOTES—FIRST SESSION 192
REPORTER'S NOTES—SECOND SESSION 194
Part III: Regulation 196
CHAPTER 27. TRANS-SYNAPTIC REGULATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 198
NEURONALLY MEDIATED INCREASE OF ENZYME SYNTHESIS AND TRANSPORT OF THE ENZYME FROM THE PERIKARYON TO THE NERVE TERMINALS 198
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DURATION OF NEURONAL ACTIVITY AND TH INDUCTION: TIME REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SINGLE STEPS OF THE INDUCTION PROCESS 199
FIRST AND SECOND MESSENGER OF TRANS-SYNAPTIC INDUCTION OF TH 200
SUMMARY 203
REFERENCES 203
MODULATION OF ADRENAL TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE INDUCTION BY SEROTONIN NERVE FUNCTION 206
REFERENCES 208
CHAPTER 28. ROLE OF CATECHOLAMINES IN INDUCTION OF ADRENAL TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 210
REFERENCES 212
CHAPTER 29. DOPAMINE-ß-HYDROXYLASE AND THE REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS 214
REFERENCES 219
CHAPTER 30. RETROGRADE AXONAL TRANSPORT OF DOPAMINE-ß-HYDROXYLASE 220
REFERENCES 222
CHAPTER 31. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SYMPATHETIC GANGLION IN VIVO 224
ENZYME DEVELOPMENT IN SCG 226
MECHANISM OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL INCREASE OF ENZYME ACTIVITY 226
DEVELOPMENTAL FORMATION OF SYNAPTIC JUNCTIONS 226
EFFECT OF DECENTRALISATION OF THE SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION 227
THE TRANS-SYNAPTIC MESSAGE 227
POST-SYNAPTIC REGULATION OF PRESYNAPTIC DEVELOPMENT 229
REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 32. STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF REGULATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY DURING NERVE STIMULATION 230
REFERENCES 240
CHAPTER 33. TRANSSYNAPTIC AND HUMORAL REGULATION OF ADRENAL CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS IN STRESS 242
CONCLUSIONS 247
REFERENCES 248
CHAPTER 34. TRANSSYNAPTIC REGULATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN ADRENAL MEDULLA: POSSIBLE ROLE OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDES 250
INTRODUCTION 250
LACK OF CORRELATION BETWEEN INCREASE OF cAMP AND RELEASE OR DEPLETION OF ADRENAL CATECHOLAMINES 252
REGULATION OF ADRENAL cAMP CONCENTRATION BY EXPOSURE TO COLD AND CARBAMYLCHOLINE INJECTION 252
INVOLVEMENT OF cAMP/cGMP CONCENTRATION RATIOS IN TH INDUCTION 254
REFERENCES 255
CHAPTER 35. COMMENT—CHOLINERGIC REGULATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE 256
REFERENCES 256
CHAPTER 36. SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN CULTURE 258
MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN EXCISED GANGLIA MAINTAINED IN ORGAN CULTURE 258
UPTAKE OF NOREPINEPHRINE BY SYMPATHETIC NEURONES MAINTAINED IN VITRO 259
RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE FROM SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA IN CULTURE 260
CATECHOLAMINE-SYNTHES1ZING ENZYMES IN ADRENERGIC TISSUE IN ORGAN CULTURE 261
CONCLUSION 262
REFERENCES 262
CHAPTER 37. LACK OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NORADRENALINE CONTENT AND TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN CULTURED SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA 264
REFERENCES 266
CHAPTER 38. INDUCTION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN SUPERIOR CERVICAL GANGLION BY COLD EXPOSURE: EFFECTS OF DECENTRALISATION AND MECAMYLAMINE 268
REFERENCES 270
CHAPTER 39. REGULATION OF CATECHOL SYNTHESIS IN AN ADRENERGIC CLONE OF MOUSE NEUROBLASTOMA 272
TRANSPORT OF CATECHOL PRECURSORS INTO THE ADRENERGIC CELL: THE FIRST STEP IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CATECHOLAMINES 272
REGULATION OF TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN CLONE N1E-l15 276
CONCLUSION 278
REFERENCES 278
CHAPTER 40. DEVELOPMENT OF THE CENTRAL CATECHOLAMINERGIC NEURONS OF THE RAT 280
INTRODUCTION 280
ANATOMY 280
BIOCHEMISTRY 281
ENDOGENOUS DOPAMINE AND NOREPINEPHRlNE 282
PHYSIOLOGY 283
CONCLUSION 283
REFERENCES 284
CHAPTER 41. INTERACTION BETWEEN THE NERVE GROWTH FACTOR (NGF) AND ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS IN SYMPATHETIC NEURONS 286
INTRODUCTION 286
SURVEY OF PREVIOUS WORK 286
INTERACTION BETWEEN NGF AND GUANETHIDINE 289
INTERACTION BETWEEN NGF AND 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE 289
CONCLUDING REMARKS 294
REFERENCES 295
CHAPTER 42. NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS AS A TOOL FOR NEURONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 296
INTRODUCTION 296
NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS IN PROLIFERATING PHASE 296
NEUROBLASTOMA CELLS DURING DIFFERENTATION 298
CONCLUSIONS 301
REFERENCES 301
REPORTER'S NOTES 304
Part IV: Synaptic Dynamics of Receptors 308
CHAPTER 43. THE CLASSIFICATION OF ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS 310
REFERENCES 313
CHAPTER 44. ANTAGONISM OF PROPRANOLOL TO ISOPROTERENOL IN GUINEA-PIG TRACHEA: SOME CAUTIONARY FINDINGS 314
REFERENCES 318
CHAPTER 45. REGULATION OF CYCLIC AMP LEVELS IN BRAIN 320
INTRODUCTION 320
BIOGENIC AMINES 321
ADENOSINE 323
CONCLUSIONS 324
REFERENCES 324
CHAPTER 46. REGULATION OF ADENOSINE 3',5'-CYCLIC MONOPHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN HYBRID SOMATIC CELLS 326
METHODS 326
RESULTS 327
DISCUSSION 329
REFERENCES 329
CHAPTER 47. ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CATECHOLAMINE-SENSITIVE ADENYL CYCLASE ACTIVITY OF RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX 330
REFERENCES 332
CHAPTER 48. ROLE OF ß-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR IN THE CONTROL OF SEROTONIN N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE IN RAT PINEAL 334
CONTROL OF CIRCADIAN CHANGE OF N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE IN PINEAL 334
INDUCTION OF N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE BY ADRENERGIC DRUGS DURING DAYTIME 335
RELATION BETWEEN CYCLIC AMP AND N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE 335
SUPERINDUCTION OF N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE AFTER DEPLETION OF NOREPINEPHRINE 336
SUPPRESSION OF SUPERINDUCTION OF N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE 337
ENHANCED ELEVATION OF CYCLIC AMP IN DENERVATED OR RESERPINE TREATED PINEALS 337
REFERENCES 338
CHAPTER 49. BETA-ADRENERGIC REGULATION OF INDOLE METABOLISM IN THE PINEAL GLAND 340
INTRODUCTION 340
STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF PINEAL SEROTONIN CONTENT 341
CONCLUSION 342
REFERENCES 344
CHAPTER 50. SELECTIVE REGULATION OF THE MULTIPLE FORMS OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE BY NOREPINEPHRINE AND OTHER AGENTS 346
MULTIPLE FORMS OF PHOSPHODIESTERASE 346
REGULATION OF PHOSPHODIESTERASES 347
REGULATION OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE 351
REGULATION OF CYCLIC 3', 5'-AMP BY ADRENERGIC ACTIVITY 351
REFERENCES 352
CHAPTER 51. STEREOISOMERS OF CATECHOLAMINES 354
REFERENCES 356
CHAPTER 52. EFFECTS OF CATECHOLAMINES AND PROSTAGLANDINS ON CYCLIC AMP LEVELS IN BRAIN IN VIVO 358
REFERENCES 362
CHAPTER 53. DEVELOPMENT OF ANTIBODIES AGAINST CATECHOLAMINES 364
REFERENCES 368
CHAPTER 54. METABOLIC RESPONSES OF CARDIAC, SKELETAL MUSCLE, AND FAT CELLS TO CATECHOLAMINES 370
REFERENCES 375
CHAPTER 55. METHODS OF APPROACH FOR THE ISOLATION OF ß-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS 376
REFERENCES 379
CHAPTER 56. TOWARD ISOLATION OF A ß-ADRENERGIC BINDING PROTEIN 380
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 386
REFERENCES 387
CHAPTER 57. RECENT ADVANCES IN THE ACTIVE SITE CHEMISTRY OF THE ADRENERGIC ALPHA-RECEPTOR 388
REFERENCES 390
CHAPTER 58. OPERATION OF TWO EPINEPHRINE RECEPTORS AND AN ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR IN THE EXOCRINE CELL OF THE RAT PAROTID GLAND 392
REFERENCES 394
CHAPTER 59. DOPAMINE-, OCTOPAMINE-, AND SEROTONINSENSITIVE ADENYLATE CYCLASES: POSSIBLE RECEPTORS IN AMINERGIC NEUROTRANSMISSION 396
MAMMALIAN SYMPATHETIC GANGLION 396
MAMMALIAN CAUDATE NUCLEUS 397
ARTHROPOD GANGLION 397
CONCLUDING REMARKS 400
REFERENCES 401
CHAPTER 60. COMPARISON OF THE EXCITATORY ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE AND NORADRENALINE ON THE GUINEA-PIG MYOMETRIUM 402
INTRODUCTION 402
METHODS 402
RESULTS 402
CONCLUSIONS 405
REFERENCES 406
CHAPTER 61. POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF THE ACTION OF CATECHOLAMINES ON SMOOTH MUSCLE 408
REFERENCES 410
REPORTER'S NOTES 412
Part V: Synaptic Dynamics 416
CHAPTER 62. CHAIRMAN'S REMARKS 418
REFERENCES 419
CHAPTER 63. CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE AND MOBILISATION OF PROTEIN 420
REFERENCES 421
CHAPTER 64. NEURONAL AND EXTRANEURONAL CATECHOLAMINE UPTAKE MECHANISMS 422
NEURONAL UPTAKE MECHANISMS 422
EXTRANEURONAL UPTAKE OF CATECHOLAMINES 424
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF CATECHOLAMINE UPTAKE 425
REFERENCES 426
CHAPTER 65. THE POSSIBLE IMPORTANCE OF YOUNG (LARGE) AMINE STORAGE GRANULES FOR ADRENERGIC NERVE TERMINAL FUNCTION 428
REFERENCES 429
CHAPTER 66. CONFORMATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE INHIBITION OF NEURONAL UPTAKE OF NORADRENALINE BY TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS 430
REFERENCES 432
CHAPTER 66. COMPOSITION AND MOLECULAR ORGANISATION OF CHROMAFFIN GRANULES 434
COMPOSITION OF CHROMAFFIN GRANULES 434
CONCLUSIONS 439
REFERENCES 439
CHAPTER 67. A LARGE SECOND POOL OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN THE HIGHLY PURIFIED VESICLE FRACTION FROM BOVINE SPLENIC NERVE 442
REFERENCES 444
CHAPTER 68. EFFECT OF ELECTROLYTES ON AMINE TRANSPORT AND RELEASE MECHANISMS IN NERVE ENDINGS 446
REFERENCES 448
CHAPTER 69. SMALL INTENSELY FLUORESCENT (SIF) CELLS IN VIVO AND IN VITRO 450
CHROMAFFIN CELLS AND SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA 450
SMALL INTENSELY FLUORESCENT CELLS 450
CATECHOLAMINES IN THE SIF CELLS 451
FINE STRUCTURE OF THE SIF CELLS 451
SYNAPTIC CONNEXIONS OF SIF CELLS 451
CHEMICAL SYMPATHECTOMY AND SIF CELLS 452
EFFECT OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS ON SIF CELLS 452
SIF CELLS IN CULTURED GANGLIA 453
SIF CELLS, CAROTID BODY CELLS AND PARAGANGLION CELLS 454
REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER 70. NEURONAL CATECHOLAMINE STORAGE VESICLES 458
THE TERM "DENSE CORE OR GRANULAR VESICLE" 458
DIFFERENT CATECHOLAMINE STORAGE COMPARTMENTS 459
INTRANEURONAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRANULAR VESICLES 459
COMPOSITION OF THE CATECHOLAMINE STORAGE VESICLES 462
THE ORIGIN OF THE GRANULAR VESICLES 462
CONCLUSIONS 463
REFERENCES 464
CHPATER 71. SECRETION AND RECOVERY OF CATECHOLAMINES BY THE ADRENAL MEDULLA 466
RECOVERY OF CATECHOLAMINE STORES 468
REFERENCES 470
CHAPTER 72. NEW ASPECTS OF THE LOCALISATION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN ADRENERGIC NEURONS 472
1. TUBULAR RETICULUM STORING AMINES 472
2. AMINE STORING VESICLES IN SYMPATHETIC NERVE FIBRES 474
SUMMARY 476
REFERENCES 477
CHAPTER 73. PLASTIC CHANGES OF CENTRAL NORADRENALINE NEURONS AFTER 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE 478
REFERENCES 480
CHAPTER 74. CHARACTERISATION OF CORTICAL NORADRENERGIC AXON TERMINALS WITH HIGH RESOLUTION RADIOAUTOGRAPHY 482
REFERENCES 484
CHAPTER 75. MATRIX PHASE ORGANISATION IN THE ADRENAL CHROMAFFIN GRANULE 486
REFERENCES 488
CHAPTER 76. RELEASE OF AMINES FROM SYMPATHETIC NERVES 490
STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS 490
RELEASE 491
REFERENCES 494
CHAPTER 77. MECHANISMS OF EXOCYTOSIS 496
CALCIUM 496
MICROTUBULES 498
CONTRACTILE PROTEINS 499
FUSION PROCESS 499
CONCLUSION 499
REFERENCES 500
CHAPTER 78. IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF DOPAMINE ß-HYDROXYLASE AS A MARKER FOR ADRENERGIC SYNAPTIC VESICLES 502
ORIGIN OF ADRENERGIC SYNAPTIC VESICLES 502
MECHANISM OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE 503
CIRCULATING DBH AS AN INTEGRATIVE INDEX OF SYMPATHETIC CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION 506
REFERENCES 508
CHAPTER 79. MECHANISMS OF CATECHOLAMINE SECRETION 510
REFERENCES 515
CHAPTER 80. THE EFFECT OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE ON THE DOPAMINE ß HYDROXYLASE CONTENT OF SYMPATHETIC NERVE TERMINALS 516
REFERENCES 518
CHAPTER 81. PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE CHROMAFFIN GRANULE MEMBRANE AND CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE 520
REFERENCES 522
CHAPTER 82. EXOCYTOSIS AT SYMPATHETIC NERVE TERMINALS 524
REFERENCES 525
CHAPTER 83. ON THE DYNAMICS OF CATECHOLAMINES STORAGE STRUCTURES IN SYMPATHETIC NEURONS OF THE RAT AS STUDIED BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY 528
REFERENCES 530
CHAPTER 84. NEW INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS OF DOPAMINE 532
INTRODUCTION 532
EFFECTS OF DOPAMINE ON ISOLATED BLOOD VESSELS 533
CORRELATION STUDIES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS AND PLASMA LEVELS OF DOPAMINE 535
REFERENCES 540
CHAPTER 85. DRUG ACTIONS ON a-METHYL-m-TYRAMINE, A FALSE DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMITTER IN THE RAT STRIATUM 542
REFERENCES 545
CHAPTER 86. EXTRANEURONAL UPTAKE OF CATECHOLAMINES 546
PERFUSED HEARTS 546
RABBIT AORTIC STRIPS 548
ISOLATED NICTITATING MEMBRANE 549
CONCLUSIONS 549
REFERENCES 549
CHAPTER 87. REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE 550
REFERENCES 554
CHAPTER 88. REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE. THE MUSCARINIC INHIBITORY MECHANISM 556
MUSCARINIC INHIBITION OF CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE EVOKED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF SYMPATHETIC NERVES 556
MUSCARINIC INHIBITION OF CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE EVOKED BY NICOTINIC DRUGS AND POTASSIUM IONS 559
THE RELATION BETWEEN MUSCARINIC INHIBITION AND DEPENDENCE ON CALCIUM FOR CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE 559
REFERENCES 560
CHAPTER 88. THE REGULATION OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE ELICITED BY NERVE STIMULATION THROUGH A PRESYNAPTIC FEED-BACK MECHANISM 562
INFLUENCE OF RESERPINE-INDUCED DEPLETION OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON THE NEGATIVE FEED-BACK MECHANISM FOR TRANSMITTER RELEASE 562
INHIBITION OF 3H-NOREPINEPHRINE RELEASE INDUCED BY NERVE STIMULATION IN THE PRESENCE OF (-) NOREPINEPHRINE OR DOPAMINE 563
EFFECTS OF PAPAVERINE ON TRANSMITTER OVERFLOW ELICITED BY NERVE STIMULATION 567
SUMMARY 567
REFERENCES 568
CHAPTER 89. THE NEUROGENIC SHORT-TERM CONTROL OF CATECHOLAMINE SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE IN THE SYMPATHO-ADRENAL SYSTEM, AS REFLECTED IN THE LEVELS OF ENDOGENOUS DOPAMINE AND /J-HYDROXYLATED CATECHOLAMINES 570
ADRENAL DOPAMINE: PRECURSOR OF THE ADRENOMEDULLARY HORMONES 570
DOPAMINE IN PERIPHERAL ADRENERGIC NERVES 574
CATECHOLAMINES IN RAT BLOOD PLASMA 574
COMMENT 574
REFERENCES 575
CHAPTER 90. IN VIVO RELEASE OF 3H-DA FROM THE CAT CAUDATE NUCLEUS 576
ACTIVATION OF 3H-DA RELEASE 577
CONCLUSION 578
REFERENCES 578
CHAPTER 91. REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE: a-RECEPTOR MEDIATED FEED-BACK CONTROL IN PERIPHERAL AND CENTRAL NEURONES 580
REFERENCES 584
CHAPTER 92. EFFECT OF IMPULSE FLOW ON THE RELEASE AND SYNTHESIS OF DOPAMINE IN THE RAT STRIATUM 586
REFERENCES 592
CHAPTER 93. EFFECTIVENESS OF ADRENERGIC TRANSMITTER CONCENTRATIONS IN SYNAPTIC CLEFTS OF DIFFERING DIMENSIONS 594
REFERENCES 596
CHAPTER 94. PULSE-TO-PULSE MODULATION OF NORADRENALINE RELEASE THROUGH A PREJUNCTIONAL a-RECEPTOR AUTO-INHIBITORY MECHANISM 598
GUINEA-PIG ATRIA 598
RABBIT EAR ARTERIES 599
CONCLUSIONS 599
REFERENCES 599
CHAPTER 95. ASPECTS ON PROSTAGLANDIN AND a-RECEPTOR MEDIATED CONTROL OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE FROM ADRENERGIC NERVES 602
INTRODUCTION 602
PROSTAGLANDIN ACTION ON TRANSMITTER RELEASE FROM ADRENERGIC NERVES 602
a-RECEPTOR ACTIVATION AS A MEAN FOR CONTROL OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE 604
HYPOTHETICAL MODEL FOR PG AND a-RECEPTOR MEDIATED CONTROL OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE 605
REFERENCES 605
CHAPTER 96. CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE AND RECEPTORS IN BRAIN SLICES 608
REFERENCES 612
CHAPTER 97. RECEPTOR REGULATION STUDIES: SIGNIFICANCE OF CENTRAL CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTORS IN CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL 614
REFERENCES 618
CHAPTER 98. RECEPTOR REGULATION OF DOPAMINE TURNOVER 620
METHODS 620
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 620
REFERENCES 623
CHAPTER 99. REGULATION OF DA SYNTHESIS IN THE NIGRO NEOSTRIATAL SYSTEM 624
INTRODUCTION 624
THE 3H-H2O IN VITRO AND IN VIVO METHODS 624
RAPID INHIBITING PROCESSES OF DA SYNTHESIS 625
RAPID ACTIVATING PROCESSES OF DA SYNTHESIS 626
LONG TERM CHANGES IN THE REGULATION OF DA SYNTHESIS 628
CONCLUSION 628
REFERENCES 629
CHAPTER 100. SYNTHESIS AND PREFERENTIAL RELEASE OF NEWLY FORMED NOREPINEPHRINE DURING INCREASED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY 632
REFERENCES 633
CHAPTER 101. DECENTRALISATION INCREASES NORADRENALINE RELEASE FROM FIELD-STIMULATED RAT IRIDES 634
REFERENCES 635
CHAPTER 102. EFFECT OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE RELEASE OF 3H-NOREPINEPHRINE BY NICOTINE AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FROM RAT BRAIN SLICES 636
METHODS 636
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 637
REFERENCES 637
REPORTER'S NOTES—FIRST SESSION 638
REPORTER'S NOTES—SECOND SESSION 642
Part VI: Catecholamines in Central Nervous System 644
CHAPTER 103. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS: REGIONAL ECONOMY AND FAMILIES OF NEUROREGULATORY SUBSTANCES 646
REFERENCES 650
CHAPTER 104. CHAIRMAN'S INTRODUCTORY REMARKS 652
REFERENCES 653
CHAPTER 105. CENTRAL CATECHOLAMINES AND HYPERTENSION 654
REFERENCES 655
CHAPTER 106. NOREPINEPHRINE AS A CENTRAL SYNAPTIC TRANSMITTER 656
REFERENCES 660
CHAPTER 107. CENTRAL DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS: NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION AND RESPONSES TO DRUGS 662
INTRODUCTION 662
IDENTIFICATION OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS 662
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS 663
DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS: EFFECT OF DA-RECEPTOR BLOCKADE 663
DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS: EFFECTS OF DA RECEPTOR STIMULATION 665
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 666
REFERENCES 667
CHAPTER 108. EXISTENCE OF DOPAMINERGIC NERVE TERMINALS IN THE RAT CORTEX 668
REFERENCES 670
CHAPTER 109. EXCITATORY EFFECTS OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE C.N.S. 672
REFERENCES 675
CHAPTER 110. GENETIC FACTORS IN THE CONTROL OF BRAIN LEVELS OF BIOGENIC AMINES AND BRAIN EXCITABILITY 676
SUMMARY 678
CHAPTER 111. CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTOR MECHANISMS IN VERTEBRATES 680
THE STRIATAL DOPAMINE SYSTEM 680
THE SPINAL NORADRENALINE SYSTEM 682
REGULATION OF CATECHOLAMINE TURNOVER FROM CATECHOLAMINE RECEPTORS 683
REFERENCES 683
CHAPTER 112. EXCITATORY EFFECTS OF DOPAMINE ON MOLLUSCAN NEURONES 686
DA EFFECTS CAN BE EXCITATORY, INHIBITORY, OR EXCITATORY-INHIBITORY 686
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DA EXCITATORY RESPONSES 687
COMPARISON OF THE IONIC MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN DA AND ACh EXCITATORY EFFECTS 687
REFERENCES 690
CHAPTER 113. ANALYSIS OF DOPAMINE SPECIFIC, EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY ACTIONS ON NEURONS OF THE SNAIL 692
REFERENCES 692
CHAPTER 114. DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION IN RELATION TO MECHANISMS UNDERLYING STEREOTYPED BEHAVIOUR 694
REFERENCES 695
CHAPTER 115. HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF MONOAMINE NEURON SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN FETAL BRAIN 696
REFERENCES 700
CHAPTER 116. GLYOXYLIC ACID CONDENSATION: A NEW FLUORESCENCE HISTOCHEMICAL METHOD FOR SENSITIVE AND DETAILED TRACING OF CENTRAL CATECHOLAMINE NEURONS 702
CHEMISTRY 702
METHODOLOGY 703
COMMENTS 703
CONCLUSIONS 705
REFERENCES 705
CHAPTER 117. BEHAVIOURAL–ANATOMICAL CORRELATES OF CENTRAL CATECHOLAMINE NEURONS 708
DOPAMINE NEURONS 708
NORADRENALINE NEURONS 711
REFERENCES 711
CHAPTER 118. BEHAVIOURAL PHARMACOLOGY OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE 714
6-HDA AND OPERANT BEHAVIOUR 714
6-HDA AND DRUG EFFECTS ON OPERANT BEHAVIOUR 717
6-HDA AND CENTRAL DENERVATION SUPERSENSITIVITY 718
SUMMARY 719
REFERENCES 719
CHAPTER 119. BIOCHEMICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL ALTERATIONS FOLLOWING 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE ADMINISTRATION INTO BRAIN 720
EFFECTS OF 6-OHDA TREATMENT ON OPERANT BEHAVIOUR 720
EFFECT OF 6-OHDA ON CONSUMMATORY BEHAVIOUR 723
TREATMENT OF DEVELOPING RATS WITH 6-OHDA 723
AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED BEHAVIOUR AFTER 6-OHDA TREATMENT 724
SUMMARY 724
REFERENCES 724
CHAPTER 120. INHIBITION OF THE BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE TO a-METHYLDOPA IN UNANESTHETIZED RENAL HYPERTENSIVE RATS BY NEONATAL 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE (6-OHDA) TREATMENT 726
REFERENCES 727
CHAPTER 121. BIOGENIC AMINES AND THEIR METABOLISM IN THE STUDY OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN RATS 728
REFERENCES 729
CHAPTER 122. BRAIN NOREPINEPHRINE AND INGESTIVE BEHAVIOUR 730
CONCLUSIONS 732
REFERENCES 732
CHAPTER 123. EFFECTS ON FEEDING BEHAVIOUR AFTER INTRAHYPOTHALAMIC INJECTIONS OF 6-HYDROXY-DOPAMINE IN RATS 734
REFERENCES 736
CHAPTER 124. BRAIN STEM NOREPINEPHRINE: BEHAVIOURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF RESPONSES TO FOOTSHOCK IN RATS 738
REFERENCES 741
CHAPTER 125. THE COERULO-CORTICAL NOREPINEPHRINE SYSTEM AND LEARNING 742
IS CORTICAL NOREPINEPHRINE NECESSARY FOR LEARNING? 743
THE ROLE OF NOREPINEPHRINE IN LEARNING 744
REFERENCES 744
CHAPTER 126. ELECTRICAL SELF-STIMULATION IN THE LOCUS COERULEUS AND NOREPINEPHRINE TURNOVER IN CEREBRAL CORTEX 746
REFERENCE 747
CHAPTER 127. EFFECTS OF 6-HYDROXYDOPA 748
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES 748
BEHAVIORAL STUDIES 751
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES 752
SUMMARY 757
REFERENCES 757
CHAPTER 128. CHOLINERGIC–DOPAMINERGIC RELATION IN DIFFERENT BRAIN STRUCTURES 760
SUMMARY 764
REFERENCES 764
CHAPTER 129. CHANGES IN STRIATAL DA METABOLISM INDUCED BY CHOLINERGIC AND ANTI-CHOLINERGIC NIGRAL STIMULATION IN THE RAT 766
INTRODUCTION 766
RESULTS 766
CONCLUSION 767
REFERENCES 768
CHAPTER 130. ROLE OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE CONTROL OF THE SLEEP-WAKING CYCLE 770
ANATOMICAL ORGANISATION OF THE CA NEURONS IN THE CAT BRAIN STEM 770
NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE CA NEURONS 771
EFFECTS OF 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE 771
NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL APPROACH 773
SUMMARY 775
REFERENCES 776
CHAPTER 131. CATECHOLAMINE MECHANISMS: THEIR PRESUMPTIVE ROLE IN THE GENERATION OF REM SLEEP PGO WAVES 778
STUDIES USING ALPHA-METHYL-p-TYROSINE (AMPT) 779
STUDIES USING ANTI-CA AGENTS SECONDARY TO PCPA TREATMENT 780
REFERENCES 781
CHAPTER 132. EFFECTS ON PRECISE MOTOR RESPONDING OF BILATERAL 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE INFUSION INTO THE SUBSTANTIA NIGRA 782
INTRODUCTION 782
METHODS 782
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 783
REFERENCES 785
CHAPTER 133. TELENCEPHALIC DISTRIBUTION OF TERMINALS OF BRAINSTEM NOREPINEPHRINE NEURONS 786
REFERENCES 788
CHAPTER 134. BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCES FOR INTERACTION PHENOMENA BETWEEN NORADRENERGIC AND SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEMS IN THE CAT BRAIN 790
REFERENCES 791
CHAPTER 135. NE-NEURONS AND PHASIC SLEEP PHENOMENA 792
REFERENCES 793
CHAPTER 136. DOPAMINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE NEURONES IN STRIATAL AND LIMBIC STRUCTURES: EFFECT OF NEUROLEPTIC DRUGS 796
REFERENCES 797
CHAPTER 137. ROLE OF CATECHOLAMINES IN NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION 800
THE BRAIN AND THE REGULATION OF THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 800
NEUROENDOCRINE TRANSDUCERS 801
INVOLVEMENT OF BRAIN CATECHOLAMINES IN CONTROL OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTION 802
BRAIN CATECHOLAMINES AND GONADAL FUNCTION IN RATS 802
REFERENCES 804
CHAPTER 138. RECENT MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL STUDIES ON HYPOTHALAMIC DOPAMINERGIC AND NORADRENERGIC MECHANISMS 806
MORPHOLOGY 806
FUNCTION 808
REFERENCES 812
CHAPTER 139. EFFECT OF PREGNANCY AND SEX HORMONES ON THE TRANSMITTER LEVEL IN UTERINE SHORT ADRENERGIC NEURONS 814
CONCLUSION 819
REFERENCES 820
CHAPTER 140. CATECHOLAMINES IN SEXUAL HORMONE REGULATION: FOREBRAIN INFLUENCE ON TUBERO-INFUNDIBULAR DOPAMINE NEURONS AND INTERACTION WITH CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS 822
STIMULATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN CELLULAR FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY AND THEIR POSSIBLE BIOCHEMICAL BACKGROUND 822
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS BRAIN REGIONS ON THE TUBERAL DA NEURONS AND INTERACTION WITH CHOLINERGIC SYSTEMS 822
RELATIONSHIP TO LUTEINISING HORMONE (LH) AND PROLACTIN SECRETION: HOMOGENEITY OR HETEROGENEITY OF THE TUBERAL DA NEURON GROUP? 824
REFERENCES 828
CHAPTER 141. EFFECTS OF CATECHOLAMINES ON SUPRA-OPTIC NUCLEUS NEURONES IN ORGAN CULTURE 830
REFERENCES 832
CHAPTER 142. CATECHOLAMINES IN NON-NEURAL CELLS OF THE CNS: A POSSIBILITY 834
REFERENCES 836
CHAPTER 143. CATECHOLAMINES AND THE SECRETION OF RENIN, ACTH AND GROWTH HORMONE 838
REFERENCES 843
CHAPTER 144. L-DOPA AND PANCREATIC SECRETION 844
THE SPECIFICITY OF THE DOPAMINE-INDUCED PANCREATIC SECRETTON 844
MECHANISM OF THE STIMULATION OF THE PANCREATIC SECRETION INDUCED BY L - DOPA OR DOPAMINE 845
CONTENT OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE PANCREATIC TISSUE 846
EFFECT OF HALOPERIDOL AND APOMORPHINE 846
EFFECTS OF COCAINE AND DESMETHYLIMIPRAMINE ON THE DOPAMINE-INDUCED SECRETION OF THE EXOCRINE PANCREAS 846
ABSENCE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN DOPAMINE AND SECRETIN 847
THE CONTROL MECHANISM OF THE PANCREATIC SECRETION INDUCED BY L - DOPA OR DOPAMINE AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL 847
CONCLUSION 848
REFERENCES 848
CHAPTER 145. CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYMES IN PANCREATIC ISLET CELLS 850
REFERENCES 852
CHAPTER 146. BRAIN MONOAMINES PARTICIPATION IN THE CONTROL OF GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION IN DIFFERENT ANIMAL SPECIES 854
STUDIES IN RODENTS 854
PIG, SHEEP AND DOG 855
PRIMATES 855
CONCLUDING REMARKS 858
REFERENCES 859
CHAPTER 147. EFFECTS OF L-DOPA ON PROLACTIN SECRETION IN HUMANS 862
MATERIALS AND METHODS 862
RESULTS 862
DISCUSSION 865
CHAPTER 148. HYPOTHALAMIC CATECHOLAMINES (CA) AND THE SECRETION OF GONADOTROPINS AND GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONES 868
SUMMARY AND COMMENTS 870
REFERENCES 870
CHAPTER 149. THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CLONIDINE 872
METHODS 872
RESULTS 873
DISCUSSION 876
REFERENCES 876
CHAPTER 150. ROLE OF SYMPATHETIC FIBRES AND OF ADRENAL MEDULLA IN THE MAINTENANCE OF CARDIOVASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS IN NORMOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE RATS 878
NORMOTENSIVE RATS 878
HYPERTENSIVE ANIMALS 880
CONCLUSION 882
REFERENCES 882
CHAPTER 151. SODIUM AND CATECHOLAMINE EXCRETION 884
REFERENCE 885
CHAPTER 152. HYPERTENSION, ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS, AND NOREPINEPHRINE IN BLOOD VESSELS 886
HYPERTENSION 886
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS 888
CONCLUSIONS 891
REFERENCES 891
CHAPTER 153. INTRACISTERNAL 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE (6-OHDA) AND 5,6 DIHYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5,6-DHT) IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION 894
REFERENCES 896
CHAPTER 154. CENTRAL ADRENERGIC NEURONS AND THE CONTROL OF BLOOD PRESSURE 898
REFERENCES 900
CHAPTER 155. THE CENTRAL NEURAL REGULATION BY BARORECEPTORS OF PERIPHERAL CATECHOLAMINERGIC MECHANISMS 902
SUMMARY 907
REFERENCES 907
CHAPTER 156. GENETIC VARIATION OF THE CATECHOLAMINE BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN VARIOUS STRAINS OF RATS INCLUDING THE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT 910
MATERIALS AND METHODS 911
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 911
CONCLUSIONS 913
REFERENCES 914
CHAPTER 157. NOREPINEPHRINE SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER IN THE BRAIN: ACCELERATION BY PHYSOSTIGMINE 916
METHODS 916
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 917
REFERENCES 918
CHAPTER 158. AMINOACYL DERIVATIVES OF DOPAMINE AS ORALLY EFFECTIVE RENAL VASODILATORS 920
REPORTER'S NOTES—FIRST SESSION 924
REPORTER'S NOTES—SECOND SESSION 926
Part VII: Amphetamines and Other Drugs of Abuse 928
CHAPTER 159. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY AND EEG CHANGES OF DELTA-9 TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL EFFECTS IN HUMAN VOLUNTEERS 930
(1) VIGILANCE CHANGES FOLLOWING THC ADMINISTRATION 930
(2) NEUROLOGICAL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES 931
(3) VISUAL ANALYSIS OF EEG RECORDINGS FOLLOWING THC 932
REFERENCES 934
CHAPTER 160. AMPHETAMINE AND COCAINE ON AMINE TURNOVER 936
BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS 937
NEUROCHEMICAL EFFECTS 938
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BEHAVIOURAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL EFFECTS 941
REFERENCES 943
CHAPTER 161. COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF SOME AMPHETAMINES IN VARIOUS SPECIES 946
AROMATIC HYDROXYLATION 946
N-DEALKYLATION 947
DEAMINATION 948
ALIPHATIC C-HYDROXYLATION 948
N-OXIDATION 949
EXCRETION OF AMPHETAMINES UNCHANGED 950
REFERENCES 951
CHAPTER 162. BEHAVIOURAL PHARMACOLOGY OF D-AMPHETAMINE: SOME METABOLIC AND PHARMACOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 952
REFERENCES 956
CHAPTER 163. CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM AND AMPHETAMINE EFFECTS ON SENSITIVE AND INSENSITIVE MICE 958
DIFFERENCES IN THE ACTION OF d-AMPHETAMINE IN THE TWO STRAINS 958
SIMILARITIES IN THE ACTION OF d-AMPHETAMINE IN THE TWO STRAINS 958
REFERENCES 960
CHAPTER 164. EFFECTS OF d-AMPHETAMINE ON BODY TEMPERATURE AND ON BEHAVIORAL THERMOREGULATION IN RATS 962
REFERENCES 962
CHAPTER 165. THE METABOLISM AND EXCRETION OF 'AMPHETAMINES' IN MAN 964
REFERENCES 968
CHAPTER 166. THE POSTSYNAPTIC EFFECT OF AMPHETAMINE ON STRIATAL DOPAMINE-SENSITIVE NEURONES 970
REFERENCES 974
CHAPTER 167. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINE ON DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS 976
INTRODUCTION 976
EFFECT OF AMPHETAMINE AND ANTAGONISTS ON ACTIVITY OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS 976
INHIBITION OF DOPAMINERGIC NEURONS BY AMPHETAMINE: EVIDENCE FOR A NEURONAL FEEDBACK PATHWAY 978
DISCUSSION 980
SUMMARY 981
REFERENCES 981
CHAPTER 168. AMPHETAMINE AND NORADRENERGIC REWARD PATHWAYS 982
AMPHETAMINE AND BRAIN NOREPIN...RINE 982
AMPHETAMINE AND BRAIN DOPAMINE 983
AMPHETAMINE AND BEHAVIOURAL PUNISHMENT: POSSIBLE ROLE OF BRAIN SEROTONIN 986
REFERENCES 987
CHAPTER 169. OPERANT BEHAVIOURAL DEMONSTRATION OF QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE d- AND l-ISOMERS OF AMPHETAMINE 988
REFERENCES 990
CHAPTER 170. DISSOCIATION OF AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED RELEASE OF NOREPINEPHRINE FROM INHIBITION OF NEURONAL UPTAKE IN ISOLATED BRAIN TISSUE 992
REFERENCES 994
CHAPTER 171. AMPHETAMINE AND METHYLPHENIDATE PSYCHOSIS 996
METHOD 997
RESULTS 997
DISCUSSION 998
REFERENCES 1000
CHAPTER 172. AMPHETAMINE METABOLISM IN AMPHETAMINE-INDUCED PSYCHOSIS 1002
REFERENCES 1004
CHAPTER 173. ON AMPHETAMINE TOLERANCE AND ABSTINENCE IN RATS 1006
INTRODUCTION 1006
METHODS 1006
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1007
REFERENCES 1008
CHAPTER 174. BEHAVIOURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF L-DOPA IN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS 1010
METHODS 1010
RESULTS 1010
DISCUSSION 1012
REFERENCES 1012
CHAPTER 175. HALOGEN SUBSTITUTION OF AMPHETAMINE BIOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 1014
METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES OF HALOGEN SUBSTITUTION IN p-POSITION OF AMPHETAMINE 1014
EFFECT OF HALOGEN SUBSTITUTION OF AMPHETAMINE ON ADRENERGIC MECHANISMS 1015
EFFECT OF HALOGEN SUBSTITUTION OF AMPHETAMINE ON SEROTONERGIC MECHANISMS 1017
OTHER DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS BETWEEN AMPHETAMINE AND ITS p-CHLORINATED DERIVATIVES 1018
REFERENCES 1019
CHAPTER 176. NARCOTIC ANALGESICS AND THE REGULATION OF NEURONAL CATECHOLAMINE STORES 1022
INTRODUCTION 1022
ESTIMATION OF CATECHOLAMINE TURNOVER RATE: EFFECT OF ACUTE MORPHINE, CHRONIC MORPHINE, VIMINOL AND NALOXONE 1022
INTERPRETATION OF THE MORPHINE ACTION ON STRIATAL DA TURNOVER RATE 1025
EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON cAMP CONCENTRATIONS AND TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY OF ADRENAL MEDULLA 1026
CONCLUSION 1028
SUMMARY 1029
REFERENCES 1029
CHAPTER 177. EFFECT OF METHADONE ON BRAIN DOPAMINE METABOLISM 1030
MATERIAL AND METHODS 1030
RESULTS 1031
DISCUSSION 1032
REFERENCES 1033
CHAPTER 178. EFFECTS OF SOME TETRAHYDROCANNABINOLS ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS AND UTILISATION OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE RAT BRAIN 1034
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1034
RESULTS 1035
DISCUSSION 1037
SUMMARY 1038
REFERENCES 1038
CHAPTER 179. ALCOHOL AND CATECHOLAMINE DISPOSITION 1040
INTRODUCTION 1040
PATHWAY OF BIOSYNTHESIS OF TIQ ALKALOIDS 1040
SYNTHESIS OF TIQ ALKALOIDS AND RELEASE FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA BY ACETYLCHOLINE 1040
UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF TIQS BY PERIPHERAL SYMPATHETIC NERVES 1042
CONCLUSIONS 1043
SUMMARY 1044
REFERENCES 1044
CHAPTER 180. ON THE POSSIBLE INTERRELATIONSHIP IN MECHANISM OF ACTION BETWEEN MORPHINE, AMPHETAMINE AND NEUROLEPTIC DRUGS 1046
REFERENCES 1048
CHAPTER 181. IMPORTANCE OF BRAIN DOPAMINE FOR THE STIMULANT ACTIONS OF AMPHETAMINE 1050
REFERENCES 1052
CHAPTER 182. P-HYDROXYNOREPHEDRINE: ITS SELECTIVE DISTRIBUTION IN DIFFERENT RAT BRAIN AREAS 1054
REFERENCES 1056
CHAPTER 183. THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE ON RAT BRAIN CATECHOLAMINES: TURNOVER IN VIVO AND UPTAKE IN ISOLATED SYNAPTOSOMES 1058
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1058
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1059
SUMMARY 1060
REFERENCES 1061
CHAPTER 184. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF COCAINE 1062
REFERENCES 1063
REPORTERS NOTES 1064
STUDIES OF THE METABOLIC FATE OF AMPHETAMINE 1064
METHODS OF ANALYSING THE MULTIPLICITY OF BEHAVIOURIAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF AMPHETAMINE 1065
CORRELATION OF NA AND DA WITH AMPHETAMINE INDUCED BEHAVIOUR 1065
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF AMPHETAMINE ACTION 1067
NEUROPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF AMPHETAMINE AND OTHER EUPHORIA PRODUCING DRUGS 1067
REFERENCES 1068
Part VIII: Catecholamines in Man 1070
CHAPTER 185. CATECHOLAMINE METABOLITES IN CSF 1072
REFERENCES 1073
CHAPTER 186. METABOLITES OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 1074
THE MAJOR ACIDIC METABOLITES OF THE CATECHOLAMINES IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 1074
ALCOHOL METABOLITES OF CATECHOLAMINES IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 1076
THE REFLECTION OF NEURONAL ACTIVITY IN THE CONCENTRATION OF THE METABOLITES OF CATECHOLAMINES IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID 1078
REFERENCES 1079
CHAPTER 187. SELECTIVE DEPLETION OF BRAIN REGIONAL NORADRENALINE BY SYSTEMIC 6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE IN NEWBORN RATS 1082
REFERENCES 1084
CHAPTER 188. VMA IN SPINAL FLUID: EVALUATION OF THE PATHWAYS OF CEREBRAL CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM IN MAN 1086
REFERENCES 1088
CHAPTER 189. OXYGEN-18 IN MEASUREMENT OF DOPAMINE TURNOVER IN RAT BRAIN 1090
METHODS 1091
RESULTS 1092
DISCUSSION 1093
REFERENCES 1094
CHAPTER 190. TECHNICAL STRATEGIES FOR THE STUDY OF CATECHOLAMINES IN MAN 1096
STUDY OF BIOGENIC AMINE-RELATED ENZYMES IN MAN 1096
STUDY OF BTOGENIC AMINE CELLULAR TRANSPORT AND STORAGE IN MAN 1098
STUDY OF BIOGENIC AMINE RECEPTOR FUNCTIONS IN MAN 1099
CONCLUSION 1099
REFERENCES 1100
CHAPTER 191. CYCLIC AMP AND A POSSIBLE ANIMAL MODEL OF RECEPTOR SUPERSENSITIVITY 1102
REFERENCES 1103
CHAPTER 192. APPLICATION OF MASS FRAGMENTOGRAPHY TO THE QUANTITATION OF ENDOGENOUS CATECHOLAMINES 1104
REFERENCES 1109
CHAPTER 193. THE IDENTIFICATION OF DEPRESSED PATIENTS WHO HAVE A DISORDER OF NE METABOLISM AND/OR DISPOSITION 1110
INTRODUCTION 1110
DIAGNOSIS AND CATECHOLAMINE METABOLITE EXCRETION 1110
THE PROBLEM OF STATE VARIABLES AND ARTIFACTUAL RESULTS 1114
SUMMARY 1114
REFERENCES 1114
CHAPTER 194. MONOAMINE NEURON SYSTEMS IN THE NORMAL AND SCHIZOPHRENIC HUMAN BRAIN: FLUORESCENCE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF FETAL, NEUROSURGICAL AND POST MORTEM MATERIAL 1116
METHODOLOGY 1116
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1117
REFERENCES 1119
CHAPTER 195. METABOLISM OF DOPAMINE AND L-DOPA IN HUMAN BRAIN 1120
INTRODUCTION 1120
METABOLISM OF DA IN THE NORMAL HUMAN BRAIN 1120
METABOLISM OF BRAIN DA IN BASAL GANGLIA DISORDERS 1121
METABOLISM OF L-DOPA IN THE BRAINS OF PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE 1123
L-GLUTAM1C ACID DECARBOXYLASE (GAD) IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE— A POSSIBLE DA-GABA LINK IN THE BASAL GANGLIA 1125
REFERENCES 1125
CHAPTER 196. CHANGES IN HUMAN SERUM DOPAMINE-ß- HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STATES 1128
INTRODUCTION 1128
RESULTS 1128
DISCUSSION 1131
REFERENCES 1132
CHAPTER 197. DOPAMINE-ß-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY IN SERUM 1134
INTRODUCTION 1134
BIOCHEMICAL DATA 1134
SOURCE OF CIRCULATING ENZYME 1135
FACTORS WHICH AFFECT HUMAN SERUM DBH ACTIVITY 1135
CONCLUSION 1138
REFERENCES 1139
CHAPTER 198. PLASMA DOPAMINE-BETA-HYDROXYLASE IN IDENTICAL TWINS DISCORDANT FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 1142
REFERENCES 1144
CHAPTER 199. CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM AND NEUROLOGIC DISEASE 1146
DOPAMINE METABOLISM 1146
NOREPINEPHRINE METABOLISM 1147
NATURALLY-OCCURRING EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS 1148
DRUG-INDUCED EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS 1149
CONCLUSIONS 1150
REFERENCES 1150
CHAPTER 200. AMINES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA 1152
DOPAMINE 1152
INDOLEAMINES 1155
REFERENCES 1157
CHAPTER 201. IMPLICATIONS OF FEEDBACK CONTROL IN CATECHOLAMINE NEURONAL SYSTEMS 1158
CHAPTER 202. INCREASED SERUM DOPAMINE-ß-HYDROXYLASE ACTIVITY DURING NEUROGENIC HYPERTENSION IN QUADRIPLEGIA 1162
METHODS 1162
RESULTS 1165
CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY 1165
REFERENCES 1165
CHAPTER 203. HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING HORMONES AND CATECHOLAMINES: A NEW INTERFACE 1168
THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) 1168
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE RELEASE INHIBITING FACTOR (MIF) 1172
SOMATOTROPIN-RELEASE INHIBITING FACTOR (SRIF) 1173
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1173
REFERENCES 1174
CHAPTER 204. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: THE CATECHOLAMINE HYPOTHESIS REVISITED 1176
THE CLINICAL-PHARMACOLOGICAL DATA 1176
THE UNIPOLAR-BIPOLAR DICHOTOMY 1179
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPRESSION AND MANIA 1180
URINARY 3 METHOXY 4 HYDROXYPHENYLGLYCOL (MHPG): THE ROLE OF ACTIVITY 1180
CONCLUSIONS 1182
REFERENCES 1182
CHAPTER 205. CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: STUDIES OF MHPG EXCRETION 1184
REFERENCES 1189
CHAPTER 206. COLLABORATIVE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC STUDIES EXPLORING CATECHOLAMINE METABOLISM IN PSYCHTATRIC DISORDERS 1192
INTRODUCTION 1192
SPECIFIC STUDIES 1192
COMMENT 1197
REFERENCES 1197
REPORTER'S NOTES 1200
Part IX: CLOSING REMARKS 1206
REFERENCES 1207
INDEX 1208