Rumen and Its Microbes (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Rumen and its Microbes 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Preface 6
CHAPTER I. Introduction 12
CHAPTER II. The Rumen Bacteria 19
A. Diversity of Kinds 19
B. Distribution 21
C. Morphology 23
D. Cultivation 31
E. Total Numbers of Rumen Bacteria 41
F. The Kinds of Rumen Bacteria 47
G. Nutrition 92
CHAPTER III. The Rumen Protozoa 102
A. Morphology and Classification 103
B. Transfaunation 131
C. Distribution of the Protozoa 133
D. Microscopic Examination and Counting 135
E. Nutrition and Growth 136
F. Influence of Various Factors on the Numbers of Protozoa in the Rumen 154
G. Digestion of the Protozoa 157
H. Relationships between the Protozoa and Bacteria 157
CHAPTER IV. Ruminant Functions Related to Rumen Microbial Activity 159
A. Fistulation 159
B. Ingestion and Deglutition of Food 161
C. Structure of the Ruminant Stomach 165
D. Development of the Rumen-Reticulum 172
E. Salivary Secretion 174
F. Stomach Movements 181
G. Absorption 203
H. Additional Characteristics of the Rumen 212
CHAPTER V. The Rumen as a Continuous Fermentation System 217
A. Introduction 217
B. Characteristics of Continuous Fermentation Systems 217
C. Passage of Digesta through the Rumen 220
D. Expected Extent of Digestion in the Rumen, Based on in Vitro Fermentations and Continuous Fermentation Theory 234
E. Significance of Rumen Turnover in the Ruminant Economy 250
F. Divergence of the Rumen from the Continuous Fermentation Model 251
CHAPTER VI. Quantities of Carbohydrate Fermentation Products 256
A. The Metabolic Significance of Carbohydrate Fermentation 256
B. Measurements of the Rumen Carbohydrate Fermentation 257
C. Stoichiometry of the Rumen Fermentation of Carbohydrate 277
D. Conversions of Certain Intermediates in the Rumen Fermentation 283
CHAPTER VII. Conversions of Nitrogenous Materials 292
A. Proteins 292
B. Ammonia 311
C. Utilization of Urea 313
D. Rumen Synthesis of Amino Acids 317
E. Nature of the Microbial Protein 318
F. Quantity of Microbial Nitrogen Available to the Host 323
G. Thermodynamic Limitations on Protoplasmic Synthesis Imposed by Anaerobiosis 337
H. Summary 339
CHAPTER VIII. Vitamins and Minerals 342
A. Vitamins 342
B. Other Organic Nutrients for Rumen Microorganisms 353
C. Inorganic Foods 353
CHAPTER IX. Host Metabolism in Relation to Rumen Processes 364
A. Carbohydrate Metabolism 364
B. Nitrogen Metabolism 377
C. Fats 379
D. Appetite 385
CHAPTER X. Variations in the Rumen 387
A. Influence of Kinds of Feed 387
B. Influence of Quantity of Feed 420
C. Other Factors 424
D. Summary 429
CHAPTER XI. Possible Modifications in Ruminant Feeding Practices 430
A. Nitrogen Sources for Microbial Synthesis 430
B. Use of Carbohydrates for Microbial Synthesis 434
C. Other Nutrients Influencing Microbial Synthesis in the Rumen 438
D. Importance of Balanced Nutrients 439
E. Rumen Inoculation 440
F. Importance of Turnover 445
G. In Vitro Evaluation of Feedstuffs 448
H. Rumen Neutralization of Toxins and Production of Antibiotics 450
I. Problem of Excess Energy 451
J. Selection of Heritable Nutritional Traits 451
K. Rumen Contents as a Tissue 452
L. Conclusion 452
CHAPTER XII. Abnormalities in the Rumen 453
A. Bloat 453
B. Acute Indigestion 465
C. Nitrate Poisoning 468
D. Ammonia Toxicity 469
E. Hypomagnesemia 470
F. Enterotoxemia 471
G. Ketosis 471
H. Poisonous Constituents of Plants 475
References 477
INDEX 538