Selected Topics in Environmental Biology (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Selected Topics in Environmental Biology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Introduction 12
Acknowledgements 14
Selected Topics in Environmental Biology 16
SECTION I: THERMO-REGULATION 18
Chapter 1. Neurotransmitters in temperature regulation 20
REFERENCES 26
Chapter 2. Spinal control of temperature regulation 28
I. DEEP BODY TEMPERATURE SENSORS IN THESPINAL CORD 28
II. OTHER EXTRAHYPOTHALAMIC DEEP BODY TEMPERATURE SENSORS 30
III. SPINAL "CONTROLLER FUNCTIONS" IN TEMPERATURF REGULATION 31
IV. EXTRAHYPOTHALAMIC BRAIN STEM CONTROLLER FUNCTIONS IN TEMPERATURE REGULATION 32
V. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPERATURE REGULATION SYSTEM 33
SUMMARY 34
REFERENCES 34
Chapter 3. Density of temperature sensing elements at various sites of the body core 36
SUMMARY 41
REFERENCES 41
Chapter 4. Localization and efficiency of a hypothalamic multithermode in conscious goats 42
SUMMARY 45
REFERENCES 45
Chapter 5. Hypothalamic thermosensitivity in kangaroo rats (dipodomys) during wakefulness and sleep 46
MATERIALS AND METHODS 46
RESULTS 47
SUMMARY 52
REFERENCES 52
Chapter 6. Hypothalamic and brainstem control of temperature regulation 54
LOCAL WARMING AND COOLING OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND BRAINSTEM 54
INTRAVENTRICULAR OR INTRAPREOPTIC MICROINJECTION OF CHEMICAL AGENTS 55
RECORDING OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITIES OF THERMOSENSITIVE NEURONS OF THE BRAIN. 55
REFERENCES 57
Chapter 7. A hypothalamic neuronal model for thermoregulation 58
REFERENCES 61
Chapter 8. Interaction between hypoxic and thermal stress with particular reference to thermoregulatory mechanism 62
METHODS 62
RESULTS 63
DISCUSSION 65
SUMMARY 68
REFERENCES 69
SECTION II: COLD STRESS 70
Chapter 9. Metabolic aspects of human adaptation to cold 72
REFERENCES 77
Chapter 10. Thyroid function in rats with changes in environmental conditions: cold exposure and food intake level 78
MATERIALS AND METHODS 78
RESULTS 80
DISCUSSION 83
SUMMARY 87
REFERENCES 87
Chapter 11. Effect of duration of cold exposure and water temperature on post-cold exposure drinking response of rats 88
METHODS 
88 
RESULTS 89
DISCUSSION 91
SUMMARY 92
REFERENCES 92
Chapter 12. Cold resistance and metabolic responses to acute cold exposure in rats adapted to cold and those on high fat diet 94
REFERENCES 99
Chapter 13. Rabbit's skin-temperature fluctuation caused by cold exposure 102
MATERIALS AND METHODS 102
RESULTS 102
DISCUSSION 104
SUMMARY 107
REFERENCES 107
Chapter 14. Role of adrenaline and noradrenaline in non-shivering thermogenesis of cold - acclimated rats 108
METHODS 108
RESULTS 109
SUMMARY 110
REFERENCES 111
Chapter 15. Cold acclimation of rabbit ear arteries and nerves 112
METHODS 112
RESULTS 113
DISCUSSION 116
SUMMARY 117
REFERENCES 117
Chapter 16. Nervous mechanisms and trace reactions in adaptation to cold 118
REFERENCES 120
Chapter 17. Changes in neural and hormonal feed-backs to hypothalamus and blood testosterone on cold exposure 122
MATERIALS AND METHODS 122
RESULTS 123
SUMMARY 125
REFERENCES 125
SECTION III: HEAT STRESS 128
Chapter 18. Sweat secretion during acclimatization of man to heat 130
REFERENCES 134
Chapter 19. Populational physiology and the problem of resistance adaptation 136
REFERENCES 140
Chapter 20. Physical performance of heat adapted individuals 142
Energy Expenditure and Acclimation to Heat 142
Acclimation to Heat and Exercise 143
Heat-Orthostatism of Heat-Acclimated Individuals 145
SUMMARY 147
REFERENCES 148
Chapter 21. Effect of ambient temperatures between 21 °C and 35°C on the responses to progressive exercise in partially acclimated man 150
REFERENCES 151
Chapter 22. Effects of various intensities of heat on origin and spread of nerve impulses through cortico-visceral arch 152
REFERENCES 156
Chapter 23. Heat stress effects upon bovine reproductive cycle 158
METHODS 158
RESULTS 159
DISCUSSION 159
SUMMARY 161
REFERENCES 161
Chapter 24. Effects of working in hot environments with different degrees of dehydration 164
METHODS 164
RESULTS 165
DISCUSSION 166
SUMMARY 167
REFERENCES 168
SECTION IV: HYPOTHERMIA AND THERMAL INJURY 170
Chapter 25. Status of blood acid-base at low temperature in dogs. 172
MATERIALS AND METHODS 172
RESULTS 173
DISCUSSION 174
SUMMARY 179
REFERENCES 179
Chapter 26. Hypothermia and physical work capacity of swimming man 180
METHODS AND PROCEDURE 180
RESULTS 181
DISCUSSION 183
SUMMARY 184
REFERENCES 184
Chapter 27. Hypothermia and alphamethyldopa treatment in man 186
MATERIAL AND METHOD 186
RESULTS 186
DISCUSSION 187
SUMMARY 188
REFERENCES 188
Chapter 28. The effect of hypothermia and chlorpromazine on GABA and taurine in the mouse brain 190
MATERIAL AND METHODS 190
RESULTS 191
SUMMARY 193
REFERENCES 193
Chapter 29. Monosynpatic reflex response at different body temperatures in cats 196
METHODS 196
RESULTS 197
DISCUSSION 200
SUMMARY 201
REFERENCES 201
Chapter 30. Hypothalamic control of cardio- respiratory responses in dogs during hyperthermia 202
MATERIALS AND METHODS 202
RESULTS 202
DISCUSSION 204
SUMMARY 206
REFERENCES 206
Chapter 31. Prediction of susceptibility to cold injury in monkeys 208
METHODS 208
RESULTS 209
DISCUSSION 210
SUMMARY 211
REFERENCES 211
SECTION V: ADAPTATIONS OF STRESS AND PHYSICAL WORK 214
Chapter 32. The physiological mechanisms of adaptation of organisms to arid zone conditions 216
REFERENCES 219
Chapter 33. Capacity adaptations to temperature in poikilotherms 222
REFERENCES 225
Chapter 34. Hormones and adaptation 228
SUMMARY 232
REFERENCES 232
Chapter 35. Nervous system and thermal adaptation 234
SUMMARY 239
REFERENCES 239
Chapter 36. Reactivity of peripheral circulation of men with different physical capacity 242
MATERIALS AND METHOD 242
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 242
SUMMARY 246
REFERENCES 246
Chapter 37. Physical work capabilities of men in occupations with restricted movements 248
MATERIAL AND METHODS 248
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 248
SUMMARY 251
REFERENCES 251
Chapter 38. The occurrence, biosynthesis and physiological significance of cyclopropane fatty acid sin some millipedes 252
REFERENCES 255
SECTION VI: PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO HYPOXIA 258
Chapter 39. Control of ventilation during hypoxic exercise 260
REFERENCES 263
Chapter 40. Adaptation to chronic hypoxia 264
SUMMARY 266
REFERENCES 266
Chapter 41. Ventilatory and circulatory adaptations to tien shan and the pamirs altitudes in man 268
REFERENCES 272
Chapter 42. The regional distribution of pulmonary blood flow in normal high altitude dwellers at 3650 m (12,200 ft) and in chronic mountain sickness 274
MATERIALS AND METHODS 274
RESULTS 275
DISCUSSION 277
SUMMARY 278
REFERENCES 279
Chapter 43. Cardio- respiratory studies in chronic mountain sickness (Monger's syndrome) 280
MATERIAL AND METHODS 280
DISCUSSION 296
SUMMARY 299
REFERENCES 299
Chapter 44. Coronary blood flow and its distribution under hypoxia in rats born and staying at a simulated altitude of 3,500 m—comparison with sea level controls and those exposed to simulated altitude later in life 300
METHODS 301
RESULTS 301
DISCUSSION 305
REFERENCES 306
Chapter 45. Circulatory adaptation at high altitude 308
MATERIAL AND METHODS: 308
DISCUSSION 311
RESULTS 308
SUMMARY 313
REFERENCES 313
Chapter 46. Effects of O2 breathing on maximal aerobic power of man acclimated to high altitude (Mt. Everest) 316
METHODS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 317
RESULTS 317
DISCUSSION 319
REFERENCES 321
Chapter 47. Human working capacity at 15,000 feet above sea level 324
MATERIALS AND METHODS 324
RESULTS 325
DISCUSSION 327
SUMMARY 329
REFERENCES 329
Chapter 48. Individual and species-specific adaptation (hypothalamus and physiological functions) under high altitude conditions 330
REFERENCES 332
Chapter 49. Physiological effects of prolonged stay at high altitude 334
METHOD 334
DISCUSSION 338
REFERENCES 338
SECTION VII: SHORT TERM EXPOSURES TO HYPOXIA 340
Chapter 50. Urine output and blood ADH in rats under different grades of hypoxia 342
METHODS 342
RESULTS 343
DISCUSSION 345
SUMMARY 348
REFERENCES 348
Chapter 51. Respiratory exchange under conditions of increasing hypoxia in rats 350
MATERIAL AND METHODS 350
RESULTS 351
DISCUSSION 353
SUMMARY 353
REFERENCES 353
Chapter 52. Effect of body temperature on the survival of anesthetised cats in gradually increasing hypoxia 354
MATERIALS AND METHODS 354
RESULTS 354
DISCUSSION 356
SUMMARY 356
REFERENCES 356
Chapter 53. Metabolic correlates of cold acclimatization at sea level and high altitude 358
MATERIALS AND METHODS 358
RESULTS 359
DISCUSSION 361
SUMMARY 362
REFERENCES 363
SECTION VIII: PULMONARY OEDEMA 364
Chapter 54. Factors influencing the development of pulmonary edema in dogs with left ventricular overload 366
MATERIALS AND METHODS 366
DISCUSSION 369
SUMMARY 372
REFERENCES 372
Chapter 55. Effect of hypoxia on lung micro vascular membrane permeability in unanesthetized sheep 374
METHODS 374
RESULTS 374
DISCUSSION 377
REFERENCES 377
Chapter 56. High altitude pulmonary oedema 380
SUMMARY 383
REFERENCES 383
Chapter 57. Effect of high altitude stress on pulmonary surface tension in rats 384
METHOD 384
RESULTS 384
DISCUSSION 385
SUMMARY 386
REFERENCES 386
SECTION IX: CONSTITUTIONS AND BODY FUNCTIONS IN DIFFERENTETHNIC GROUPS 388
Chapter 58. Differences between ethnic groups in the relationship of skinfold thickness to body density 390
RESULTS 390
DISCUSSION 392
REFERENCES 393
Chapter 59. Peripheral blood flow in different ethnic groups 394
METHOD 394
RESULTS 395
Chapter 60. Why is the lung function of hill peoplesuperior to that of plain dwellers? 398
METHODS 398
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 398
SUMMARY 399
REFERENCES 400
SECTION X: SPEED, ACCELERATION AND GRAVITY 402
Chapter 61. Motion sickness in skylab astronauts 404
METHODS 404
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 405
CONCLUSIONS 411
SUMMARY 411
REFERENCES 411
Chapter 62. Effect of acceleration on lung functionin man 414
REFERENCES 420
Chapter 63. Hypergravics and exercise 422
SUMMARY 426
REFERENCES 426
Chapter 64. Adaptive changes in the body during and after exposure to hypogravic state 428
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 428
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 428
REFERENCES 431
SECTION XI: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 432
Chapter 65. Carbon monoxide exposure and driving behaviour 434
SUMMARY 438
REFERENCES 438
Chapter 66. Biochemical changes induced by di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate in rat liver 440
MATERIALS AND METHODS 440
RESULTS 441
DISCUSSION 441
SUMMARY 443
REFERENCES 443
Chapter 67. Effect of some chelating agents and polymers on asbestos induced hemolysis and macrophage cytotoxicity 446
MATERIALS AND METHODS 446
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 447
REFERENCES 448
SECTION XII: NOISE, HYPERBARIC AND EMOTIONAL STRESS 450
Chapter 68. Objective measurement of noise effect using a physiological behavior test 452
MATERIAL AND METHODS 452
RESULTS 453
DISCUSSION 454
SUMMARY 456
REFERENCES 456
Chapter 69. Mechanism of air embolism during sudden decompression 458
REFERENCES 463
Chapter 70. Effect of early experience on [U14C]D-glucose utilization by rat brain during emotional stress 464
METHODS 464
RESULTS 465
DISCUSSION 467
SUMMARY 468
REFERENCES 468
Chapter 71. Sweat studies in patients with palmar and plantar hyperhidrosis 470
MATERIALS AND METHODS 470
RESULTS 470
DISCUSSION 470
REFERENCES 471
SECTION XIII: CYCLIC VARIATIONS IN BODY FUNCTION 472
Chapter 72. Effects of cold exposure on diurnal variations of food and water intake in rats 474
METHODS 474
RESULTS 475
DISCUSSION 476
SUMMARY 477
REFERENCES 478
Chapter 73. Effects of intrahypothalamic administration of norepinephrine on the feeding response of the rat under conditions of light and darkness. 480
METHOD 480
RESULTS 482
DISCUSSION 483
SUMMARY 484
REFERENCES 484
Chapter 74. Effect of cold exposure and electrosleep on the day-time sleep patterns in human subjects 486
MATERIALS AND METHODS 486
DISCUSSION 490
SUMMARY 491
REFERENCES 491
LIST OF PAPERS ON ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY PRESENTED AT THE XXVI INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 494
Author index 512
Subject index 530