Toxicology and Occupational Medicine (eBook)

Front Cover 1
TOXICOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Preface 10
List of Authors 12
TOXICOLOGYAND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE 16
CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF THE INTER-AMERICAN CONFERENCES 18
RAFAEL PENALVER 18
CHAPTER 2. LEGAL AND SCIENTIFIC CONCERNS RE CARCINOGENS IN FOOD 26
CHAPTER 3. TOXICOLOGY AND ITS ROLE IN REGULATORY PRACTICE 36
REFERENCES 40
CHAPTER 4. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS TO PROVIDE VALID CONCLUSIONS 42
INTRODUCTION 42
RANDOMIZATION AND REPLICATION 43
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 44
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 45
SUMMARY 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY 46
CHAPTER 5. MERCHANT MARINE INSPECTORS AND CHEMICALS 48
BACKGROUND 48
TERMINOLOGY 49
DIFFICULTIES 52
THE MARINE INSPECTOR 55
REFERENCES 59
OTHER REFERENCES 60
CHAPTER 6. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION AND CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES IN RELATION TO HUMAN SAFETY EVALUATION 62
REPRODUCTION 62
CARCINOGENICITY 68
REFERENCES 73
CHAPTER 7. BIOLOGICAL INTERMEDIATES AS RESEARCH PROBES IN CARCINOGENESIS METHODOLOGY 78
INTRODUCTION 78
RATIONALE AND CRITERIA RELEVANT TO EXPLORATORY STUDIES UTILIZING BIOLOGICAL INTERMEDIATES AS RESEARCH PROBES IN DOSE RESPONSE STUDIES IN CARCINOGENESIS 79
EXCEEDING PHYSIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS 80
METABOLIC OVERLOADING 81
DOSE RESPONSE CURVE FOR SELENIUM 83
DEFICIENCY STATES - AREA OF LOW DOSE 84
METABOLITES PRODUCED OR ENDOGENOUS CHEMICALS THAT MAY ENHANCE TUMORIGENESIS 84
SUSCEPTIBLE MEMBERS OF POPULATION - MALABSORPTION SYNDROMES - INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM 85
CONCLUSIONS 85
REFERENCES 86
CHAPTER 8. THE PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS FOR CARCINOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC ACTIVITY 88
INTRODUCTION 88
INVESTIGATIVE TOOLS 88
VALIDATION 89
PREDICTABILITY OF ANIMAL TESTS 90
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL CARCINOGENS 92
CONCLUSIONS 95
REFERENCES 95
CHAPTER 9. SUSPICION AND CONFIDENCE IN TOXICOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE 98
REFERENCES 106
CHAPTER 10. THE HIDDEN CARCINOGEN IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL 110
INTRODUCTION 110
CONCLUSION 114
REFERENCES 114
CHAPTER 11. CARCINOGENICITY OF DAPSONE AND 4,4'-THIODIANILINE 116
INTRODUCTION 116
MATERIALS AND METHODS 117
DISCUSSION 122
REFERENCES 124
CHAPTER 12. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DIET AS A CARCINOGEN 126
STOMACH CANCER 131
COLON, BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCER 135
CONCLUSIONS 139
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 140
REFERENCES 142
CHAPTER 13. PLANT TANNINS AND ESOPHAGEAL CANCER 146
INTRODUCTION 146
FIELD RESEARCH 147
OCCUPATIONAL RISKS, ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND TOBACCO 151
REFERENCES 153
CHAPTER 14. SOME QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF CHEMICAL CARCINO GENESIS DATA 156
INTRODUCTION 156
QUALITATIVE ASPECTS 157
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS 159
CONCLUSIONS 161
REFERENCES 161
CHAPTER 15. ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES AND LIVER CANCER DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1930-1972 164
DDT 164
ALDRIN-DIELDRIN 167
PROLONGED OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MORE THAN ONE PESTICIDE 167
NONOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 169
LIVER CANCER DEATHS IN THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES FROM 1930 TO 1970 176
CONCLUSIONS 185
REFERENCES 187
CHAPTER 16. THE SAFETY OF FOOD ADDITIVES: THE DYNAMICS OF THE ISSUE 192
ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF FOOD ADDITIVES 192
SELECTED FOOD ADDITIVES 194
DISCUSSION 202
SUMMARY 205
REFERENCES 206
CHAPTER 17. HETEROTOPICALLY TRANSPLANTED RAT URINARY BLADDER AS A MODEL FOR BLADDER CARCINOGENICITY STUDY 208
SUMMARY 208
INTRODUCTION 208
MATERIALS AND METHODS 209
RESULTS 211
DISCUSSION 215
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 216
REFERENCES 216
CHAPTER 18. STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AMONGST THE PRIMARY AROMATIC AMINES IN THE INDUCTION OF BLADDER CANCER 218
INTRODUCTION 218
DISCUSSION 218
REFERENCES 223
CHAPTER 19. N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE PHENOTYPE AND RISK IN INDUSTRIAL URINARY BLADDER CANCER: APPROACHES TO HIGH RISK GROUPS 226
INTRODUCTION 227
METHODS 230
RESULTS 231
DISCUSSION 233
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 235
REFERENCES 235
CHAPTER 20. BIOCHEMICAL LESIONS INDUCED IN THE DNA OF RAT BLADDER EPITHELIUM DURING THE INITIATION OF BLADDER CANCER BY N-METHYL-N-NITROSOUREA 238
INTRODUCTION 238
MATERIALS AND METHODS 239
RESULTS 240
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 245
REFERENCES 245
CHAPTER 21. BRACKEN FERN (BF), A NATURAL URINARY BLADDER CARCINOGEN 246
INTRODUCTION 246
MATERIALS AND METHODS 247
RESULTS 247
SUMMARY 248
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 249
REFERENCES 249
CHAPTER 22. EFFECTS OF 4-ETHYLSULFONYLNAPHTHALENE-1-SULFONAMIDE, ACETAZOLAMIDE, AND OXAMIDE ON THE MOUSE URINARY TRACT 250
INTRODUCTION 250
MATERIALS AND METHODS 251
RESULTS 252
DISCUSSION 254
REFERENCES 258
CHAPTER 23. THE EFFECTS OF CIS-RETINOIC ACID ON SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF BLADDERS FROM RATS FED 0.03% FANFT 260
INTRODUCTION 260
MATERIALS AND METHODS 261
RESULTS 262
DISCUSSION 267
SUMMARY 267
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 268
REFERENCES 268
CHAPTER 24. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN PROTECTING WORKERS FROM CHEMICAL HAZARDS ON THE JOB 270
CHAPTER 25. SAFETY EVALUATION OF COSMETIC INGREDIENTS: AN INNOVATIVE PROGRAM 278
CHAPTER 26. TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SOLVENT REFINED COAL MATERIALS 288
COMMENTS 288
CHAPTER 27. TOXICOLOGIC STUDIES OF 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-p-DIOXIN (TCDD) IN RATS 298
INTRODUCTION 298
MATERIALS AND METHODS 299
RESULTS 299
DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY 303
REFERENCES 304
CHAPTER 29. THE METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS OF PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN MAN, AND A COMPARISON WITH THE RAT AND MONKEY 306
INTRODUCTION 307
METHODS 307
DISCUSSION 309
CONCLUSIONS 311
REFERENCES 313
CHAPTER 30. PHARMACOKINETICS OF INHALED OR INTRAPERITONEALLY ADMINISTERED STYRENE IN RATS 314
SUMMARY 314
INTRODUCTION 315
METHODS 315
RESULTS 318
DISCUSSION 323
REFERENCES 326
CHAPTER 31. LEAD CONTENT OF SCALP HAIRS AS AN INDICATOR OF OCCUPATIONAL LEAD EXPOSURE 328
INTRODUCTION 328
MATERIALS AND METHODS 328
RESULTS 329
DISCUSSION 330
REFERENCES 334
CHAPTER 32. THE EXCRETION OF TRACE METALS IN HUMAN SWEAT 336
INTRODUCTION 336
MATERIALS AND METHODS 337
RESULTS 338
DISCUSSION 339
REFERENCES 343
CHAPTER 33. AN OCCUPATIONAL MEDICAL PROGRAM FOR A "MODEL" URANIUM MILL 346
INTRODUCTION 346
THE MODEL MILL 347
THE OCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 348
RADIATION PROTECTION PROGRAMS 349
THE INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE PROGRAM 355
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PROGRAMS 357
ACCIDENT AND LOSS PREVENTION PROGRAMS 358
MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS 358
TRAINING PROGRAMS 362
EMERGENCY PLANNING 363
CONCLUSION 364
REFERENCES 364
CHAPTER 34. EXCRETION OF CARBARYL INTO SALIVA OF THE RAT AND ITS EFFECT ON CHOLINESTERASE 366
INTRODUCTION 366
MATERIALS AND METHODS 367
RESULTS 368
DISCUSSION 372
SUMMARY 373
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 374
REFERENCES 374
CHAPTER 35. DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY OF PHENYLPHOSPHONOTHIOATE INSECTICIDES 376
INTRODUCTION 376
MATERIALS AND METHODS 377
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 377
SUMMARY 385
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 385
REFERENCES 385
CHAPTER 36. PESTICIDE MONITORING STUDIES. THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND TOXICOLOGIC POTENTIAL OF URINARY METABOLITES 386
INTRODUCTION 386
MATERIALS AND METHODS 387
RESULTS 388
CONCLUSION 394
REFERENCES 395
CHAPTER 37. ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS IN HUMAN MILK 396
MATERIALS AND METHODS 396
RESULTS AND COMMENTS 398
ABSTRACT 402
REFERENCES 403
CHAPTER 38. CHLORDANE IN BIRDS: A STUDY OF LETHAL RESIDUES AND LOSS RATES 404
INTRODUCTION 404
MATERIALS AND METHODS 404
RESULTS 406
DISCUSSION 412
REFERENCES 413
CHAPTER 39. ENDRIN IN BIRDS: LETHAL RESIDUES AND SECONDARY POISONING 414
INTRODUCTION 414
MATERIALS AND METHODS 414
RESULTS 417
DISCUSSION 422
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 422
REFERENCES 423
CHAPTER 40. EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ALDRIN FEEDING IN TWO STRAINS OF FEMALE RATS*AND A DISCUSSION ON THE RISKS OF CARCINOGENS IN MAN 424
INTRODUCTION 424
HISTORICAL 424
EXPERIMENTAL 426
RESULTS 427
DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS 429
CONCLUSIONS 429
REFERENCES 430
CHAPTER 41. THE CHANGING PROFILE OF FATAL POISONINGS - AN ADDITIONAL 1,676 CASES 432
REFERENCES 438
CHAPTER 42. WHAT CAUSES CIGUATERA? 440
DISTRIBUTION OF CIGUATOXIC ORGANISMS 440
REFERENCES 446
CHAPTER 43. TOXINS IN THE CIGUATERA FOOD CHAIN 450
TOXINS AND THE FOOD CHAIN 450
TESTING FOR CIGUATERA 454
SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND TREATMENT 455
REFERENCES 455
CHAPTER 44. PAIN IN JAWBONES AND TEETH IN CIGUATERA INTOXICATIONS 1* 458
SUMMARY 458
DISCUSSION 468
REFERENCES 470
CHAPTER 45. PROGRESS IN POTABLE WATER - USA (1974-1978) 472
INTRODUCTION 472
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 474
REGULATORY PROCEDURES 475
ACCOMPLISHMENTS 477
SUMMARY 479
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 480
BIBLIOGRAPHY 480
CHAPTER 46. LUMBAR MUSCLE EVALUATION AS A GUIDE TO WEIGHT LIFTING POTENTIAL 482
INTRODUCTION 482
MATERIALS AND METHODS 482
POPULATION 483
RESULTS 483
DISCUSSION 485
SUMMARY 486
BIBLIOGRAPHY 487
CHAPTER 47. ESTUDIO INMUNOTOXICOLOGICO EN PLAGUICI DAS* 488
FUNDAMENTOS 488
METODOS Y MATERIALES 488
METODOLOGIA 488
RESULTADOS 489
CONCLUSIONES 489
RECONOCIMIENTO 490
REFERENCIAS 490
Subject Index 492