Clays and Clay Minerals (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Clays and Clay Minerals 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PART 1: SYMPOSIUM ON STRUCTURE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 8
CHAPTER 1. THE STATUS OF CLAY MINERAL STRUCTURES 10
ABSTRACT 10
INTRODUCTION 10
OCTAHEDRAL CATION ORDERING 12
OCTAHEDRAL SHEET CONFIGURATION 13
ARTICULATION OF OCTAHEDRAL AND TETRAHEDRAL SHEETS 18
TETRAHEDRAL CATION ORDER 24
POLYTYPE STABILITIES 28
REFERENCES 31
CHAPTER 2. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CLAY MINERALS 34
ABSTRACT 34
CHAPTER 3. DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING THE NOMENCLATURE OF CLAY MINERALS AND RELATED PHYLLOSILICATES 
36 
ABSTRACT 36
INTRODUCTION 36
WORK OF THE CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY, NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE, 1962–63 
37 
DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE OF C.I.P.E.A. 38
MEMORANDUM FROM THE C.I.P.E.A. NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE TO THE NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE OF I.M.A., DECEMBER, 1964 
39 
COMMENTS BY THE CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY NOMENCLATURE COMMITTEE ON THE C.I.P.E.A. PROPOSAL 41
CONCLUDING REMARKS 42
REFERENCES 43
CHAPTER 4. QUANTITATIVE CLAY MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 
44 
ABSTRACT 44
INTRODUCTION 44
MATERIALS 45
PROCEDURES 45
CONSTANCY OF SUM OF MICA AND ITS WEATHERING PRODUCTS 
58 
REFERENCES 60
CHAPTER 5. LAYER CHARGE RELATIONS IN CLAY MINERALS OF MICACEOUS SOILS AND SEDIMENTS 62
ABSTRACT 62
INTRODUCTION 62
MATERIALS AND METHODS 63
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 64
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 76
REFERENCES 76
CHAPTER 6. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INTERLAYER POTASSIUM IN MICAS TO EXCHANGE WITH SODIUM 
78 
ABSTRACT 78
INTRODUCTION 78
MATERIALS 79
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 80
CONCLUSIONS 88
REFERENCES 89
CHAPTER 7. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KAOLINITE AND GIBBSITE IN SOILS BY DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL AND SELECTIVE DISSOLUTION METHODS 92
ABSTRACT 92
INTRODUCTION 92
MATERIALS AND METHODS 92
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 94
REFERENCES 98
CHAPTER 8. CONCENTRATION OF DIOCTAHEDRAL MICA AND VERMICULITE USING A FLUORIDE SOLUTION 100
ABSTRACT 100
INTRODUCTION 100
METHODS AND MATERIALS 101
RESULTS 102
DISCUSSION 105
REFERENCES 107
PART 2: SYMPOSIUM ON SURFACE REACTIVITY 108
CHAPTER 9. PARALLEL PLATE INTERACTION IN CLAY-WATER SYSTEMS 110
ABSTRACT 110
CHAPTER 10. MECHANICAL FOECE FIELDS IN A CLAY MINERAL PAETICLE SYSTEM 
112 
ABSTRACT 112
INTRODUCTION 112
THE POTENTIAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE CELL 114
THE INTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM OF A CELL 114
LIQUID PRESSURES INDUCED BY STRUCTURAL DEFORMATIONS 118
DISCUSSION 119
CONCLUSIONS 120
REFERENCES 121
APPENDIX: THE POTENTIAL FIELD 
121 
THE PRESSURE ON THE PLATE 122
CHAPTER 11. ELECTROSTATIC FORCES BETWEEN CLAY AND CATIONS AS CALCULATED AND INFERRED FROM ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 
126 
ABSTRACT 126
INTRODUCTION 126
THEORY 128
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 129
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 130
DISCUSSION 134
NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS 136
APPLICATION 140
REFERENCES 140
CHAPTER 12. EQUILIBRIUM THEORY OF THE KAOLINITE–WATER SYSTEM AT LOW MOISTURE CONTENTS, WITH SOME REMARKS CONCERNING ADSORPTION HYSTERESIS 
142 
ABSTRACT 142
INTRODUCTION 142
THEORY OF EXCHANGEABLE CATION HYDRATION 143
THEORY OF MINERAL SURFACE HYDRATION 149
APPLICATION OF THE THEORY TO THE KAOLINITE-WATER SYSTEM 152
CONCLUSIONS 155
REFERENCES 156
CHAPTER 13. GEOMETRY EFFECTS FOR SPECIFIC ELECTRICAL CONDUCTANCE IN CLAYS AND SOILS 158
ABSTRACT 158
INTRODUCTION 158
THEORETICAL 159
MATERIALS AND METHODS 163
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 163
TWO COMPONENT SYSTEMS 166
GEOMETRY EFFECTS IN SOILS 169
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 170
REFERENCES 170
CHAPTER 14. KINETICS OF DECOMPOSITION OF COBALT COORDINATION COMPLEXES ON MONTMORILLONITE SURFACES 172
ABSTRACT 172
INTRODUCTION 172
PROCEDURES 174
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 175
DISCUSSION 185
REFERENCES 187
CHAPTER 15. INFRAEED STUDY OF THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF AMMONIUM RECTORITE* 190
ABSTRACT 190
INTRODUCTION 190
MATERIALS AND METHODS 190
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 191
REFERENCES 200
CHAPTER 15. KINETICS OF KEACTIONS IN THE CONVERSION OF Na- OR Ca-SATURATED CLAY TO H–Al CLAY 
202 
ABSTRACT 202
INTRODUCTION 202
EXPERIMENTAL 203
RESULTS 204
DISCUSSION 210
CONCLUSIONS 212
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 212
REFERENCES 213
PART 3: SYMPOSIUM ON GENESIS AND SYNTHESIS OF CLAYS 214
CHAPTER 16. FACTORS AFFECTING THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF CLAY MINERALS IN SOILS 216
ABSTRACT 216
CHAPTER 17. QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF CLAY MINERALS IN SOME RECENT MARINE SEDIMENTS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FROM JAPAN 218
ABSTRACT 218
INTRODUCTION 218
MATERIAL AND METHOD 219
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 220
CONCLUSIONS 229
REFERENCES 229
CHAPTER 18. CLAY MINERALS IN RECENT SEDIMENTS OF THE NIGER DELTA 232
ABSTRACT 232
INTRODUCTION 232
X-RAY METHODS 233
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 234
REFERENCES 247
CHAPTER 19. CLAY MINERAL FORMATION IN SEA WATER BY SUBMARINE WEATHERING OF K-FELDSPAR 250
ABSTRACT 250
INTRODUCTION 250
FIELD WORK 251
LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS 256
GEOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR SUBMARINE WEATHERING 258
CONCLUSIONS 259
REFERENCES 259
CHAPTER 20. ALTERATION AND FORMATION OF CLAY MINERALS DURING CAT CLAY DEVELOPMENT 260
ABSTRACT 260
INTRODUCTION 260
REDUCED TIDELAND SEDIMENTS 261
CHANGES IN CLAY MINERALS UPON OXIDATION 263
CLAY MINERAL CHANGES DURING REDUCTION 264
DISCUSSION 267
SUMMARY 267
REFERENCE 267
CHAPTER 21. THE STABILITY OF BRUCITE IN THE WEATHERING ZONE OF THE NEW IDRIA SERPENTINITE 268
ABSTRACT 268
INTRODUCTION 268
EXPERIMENTAL 269
OCCURRENCE OF BRUCITE IN THE FRESH SERPENTINITE 269
MINERALOGY OF THE SURFACE WEATHERING ZONE 270
LABORATORY STUDIES 274
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 277
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 278
REFERENCES 278
CHAPTER 22. GENESIS OF REFRACTORY CLAY NEAR GUANAJUATO, MEXICO 
280 
ABSTRACT 280
INTRODUCTION 280
GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT 281
ARGILLATION OF THE SCHIST 281
CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING ARGILLATION 287
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 288
REFERENCES 288
PART 4: GENERAL 290
CHAPTER 23. QUANTITATIVE FABRIC OF WET KAOLINITE 292
ABSTRACT 292
INTRODUCTION 292
PROCEDURE 293
VERIFICATION OF PROCEDURE 296
DISCUSSION 307
REFERENCES 307
CHAPTER 24. THE FABRIC OF MECHANICALLY COMPACTED KAOLIN 310
ABSTRACT 310
INTRODUCTION 310
SCOPE 312
INVESTIGATION 312
RESULTS 313
CONCLUSIONS 319
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 320
REFERENCES 320
CHAPTER 25. THE FABRIC OF SOIL-CEMENT AND ITS FORMATION 322
ABSTRACT 322
INTRODUCTION 322
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 323
METHODS 323
RESULTS 326
DISCUSSION 328
SUMMARY 344
REFERENCES 344
CHAPTER 26. SUCTION RESPONSES DUE TO HOMOGENEOUS SHEAR OF DILUTE MONTMORILLONITE–WATER PASTES 
346 
ABSTRACT 346
INTRODUCTION 346
THEORY 347
APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE 349
RESULTS 351
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 353
REFERENCES 355
CHAPTER 27. STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE IN THE GEORGIA KAOLINS 356
ABSTRACT 356
INTRODUCTION 356
EXPERIMENTAL 357
GENERAL SURVEY 357
SELECT FIELD DISTRIBUTIONS 359
STUDY OF STACK COMPONENTS 361
CLEAVAGE ENERGY 365
STACK GENESIS 368
CONCLUSIONS 370
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 28. INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITES 372
ABSTRACT 372
INTRODUCTION 372
CHOICE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS 373
METHODS OF ANALYSIS 375
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 376
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 384
REFERENCES 385
CHAPTER 29. RELATION OF VISCOSITY OF KAOLIN-WATER SUSPENSIONS TO MONTMORILLONITE CONTENT OF CERTAIN GEORGIA CLAYS 388
ABSTRACT 388
INTRODUCTION 388
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 389
RELATIONSHIP OF MONTMORILLONITE CONTENT OF KAOLIN CLAYS TO BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY AT 50% SOLIDS 389
VISCOSITY TESTS 389
MONTMORILLONITE DETERMINATIONS 389
CORRELATION OF MONTMORILLONITE CONTENT AND VISCOSITY 390
LACK OF CORRELATION OF MONTMORILLONITE CONTENT WITH PARTICLE SIZE OF KAOLIN 391
EFFECT OF ADDING CRUDE MONTMORILLONITE TO KAOLIN 393
RELATION OF MONTMORILLONITE CONTENT AND CALCIUM CONTENT 394
SUMMARY 394
REFERENCES 395
CHAPTER 30. FORMATION DAMAGE IN SANDSTONES CAUSED BY CLAY DISPERSION AND MIGRATION 396
ABSTRACT 396
INTRODUCTION 396
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM 397
RESULTS 400
INTERPRETATION 407
CONCLUSIONS 408
REFERENCES 408
CHAPTER 31. LOW-FREQUENCY (OH)- MOTIONS IN LAYER SILICATE MINERALS 410
ABSTRACT 410
INTRODUCTION 410
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 411
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 412
DISCUSSION 422
CONCLUSIONS 425
REFERENCES 426
CHAPTER 32. INFRAEED ANALYSIS OF THE ORIENTATION OF PYRIDINE MOLECULES IN CLAY COMPLEXES 428
ABSTRACT 428
INTRODUCTION 428
RESULTS 429
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 434
REFERENCES 434
CHAPTER 33. COLLAPSE OF POTASSIUM MONTMOEILLONITE CLAYS UPON HEATING—"POTASSIUM FIXATION" 436
ABSTRACT 436
INTRODUCTION 436
COLLAPSE OF POTASSIUM FRENCH BENTONITE UPON HEATING 438
COLLAPSE OF POTASSIUM WYOMING BENTONITE 441
COLLAPSE OF POTASSIUM NONTRONITE 442
COLLAPSE OF POTASSIUM VERMICULITE 445
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 447
REFERENCES 448
CHAPTER 34. SEPARATION OF SWELLING CLAY MINERALS BY A CENTRIFUGAL METHOD 450
ABSTRACT 450
INTRODUCTION 450
PROCEDURE 454
DISCUSSION 458
CONCLUSIONS 460
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 461
REFERENCES 461
INDEX 462
OTHER TITLES IN THIS SERIES 488
REVIEWS 490