Clays and Clay Minerals (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Clays and Clay Minerals 6
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
PREFACE 10
CHAPTER 1. DIFFERENTIAL SETTLING TENDENCIES OF CLAY MINERALS IN SALINE WATERS1 12
INTRODUCTION 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17
GENERAL DISCUSSION 18
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 51
CONCLUSIONS 97
CHAPTER 2. EFFECT OF SEA-WATER ON CLAY MINERALS1 105
INTRODUCTION 105
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 108
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 108
RESULTS 109
DISCUSSION 119
CONCLUSIONS 124
CHAPTER 3. RAPID DISSOLUTION OF ALLOPHANE AND KAOLINITE-HALLOYSITE AFTER DEHYDRATION 127
INTRODUCTION 127
PROCEDURE 129
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 129
DISCUSSION 135
CONCLUSIONS 137
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 137
CHAPTER 4.THE FORMATION OF CHLORITE-LIKE STRUCTURES FROM MONTMORILLONITE1 139
INTRODUCTION 139
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS 140
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 148
CHAPTER 5. PRETREATMENT OF SOILS AND CLAYS FOR MEASUREMENT OF EXTERNAL SURFACE AREA BY GLYCEROL RETENTION 150
INTRODUCTION 150
MATERIALS 152
EXPERIMENTAL 152
RESULTS 154
CONCLUSIONS 157
CHAPTER 6. CLAY MINERALOGY OF THE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS, RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER, VIRGINIA 160
INTRODUCTION 160
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 160
GEOGRAPHY 160
SAMPLING PROCEDURE 161
IDENTIFICATION OF CLAY MINERAL SPECIES 161
PROGRESSIVE VARIATIONS IN MINERAL COMPOSITION 166
MINERALOGICAL VARIATIONS WITH DEPTH 176
DISCUSSION 176
CHAPTER 7. CLAY MINERALS OF THE OUTCROPPING BASAL CRETACEOUS BEDS BETWEEN THE CAPE FEAR RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA, AND LYNCHES RIVER, SOUTH CAROLINA 179
INTRODUCTION 179
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 180
LABORATORY METHODS 180
SUMMARY OF THE STRATIGRAPHY 180
STRATIGRAPHIC RELATIONS 185
ORIGIN OF THE CLAY MINERALS IN THE LIGHT OF SEDIMENTARY EVIDENCE 185
CLAY MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS IN THE ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN 189
DISCUSSION 190
SUMMARY 191
CHAPTER 8. REGIONAL CLAY MINERAL PATTERNS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO 193
INTRODUCTION 193
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 194
METHOD OF STUDY 194
METHOD OF ESTIMATING ABUNDANCE OF CLAY MINERALS 196
CLAY MINERAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS 199
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 206
CHAPTER 9. GEOLOGY OF THE CLAY DEPOSITS IN THE OLIVE HILL DISTRICT, KENTUCKY1 209
INTRODUCTION 209
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 210
GEOLOGY 210
THE OLIVE HILL FIRE CLAY BED OF CRIDER (1913) AND ASSOCIATED BEDS 212
CHAPTER 10. CLAY PARTINGS IN GYPSUM DEPOSITS IN SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA1 232
INTRODUCTION 232
CLAY PARTINGS 233
DISCUSSION 235
TIME FACTOK AND THE GENESIS OF SOILS ON EAKLY WISCONSIN TILL1,2 237
INTRODUCTION 238
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 240
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 242
CHAPTER 11. QUANTITATIVE X-RAY DETERMINATIONS OF SOME ALUMINOUS CLAY MINERALS IN ROCKS1 253
CHAPTER 12. REVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE MONTMORILLONITE GROUP OF CLAY MINERALS1 262
INTRODUCTION 262
DISCUSSION OF RELATIONSHIPS 262
CHAPTER 13. ADVANCES IN X-RAY DIFFRACTOMETRY OF CLAY MINERALS 267
INTRODUCTION 267
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 269
DIFFRACTOMETER GEOMETRY 269
SPECIMEN FACTORS 278
TRANSMISSION SPECIMEN-FOCUSING MONOCHROMATOR 283
X-RAY COUNTERS 284
COUNTING STATISTICS 291
CHAPTER 14. DISCUSSION OF THE WATER CONTENT OF VERMICULITE 297
CHAPTER 15. SOME ASPECTS OF THE MINERALOGY OF THE NORTHERN ATLANTIC COASTAL PLAIN 308
INTRODUCTION 308
HEAVY MINERALS 309
CLAY MINERALOGY 313
CHAPTER 16. GEOLOGY OF THE CLAY DEPOSITS IN PARTS OF WASHINGTON AND IDAHO1 322
INTRODUCTION 322
GEOLOGIC HISTORY 323
TYPES OF CLAY DEPOSITS 324
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 335
CHAPTER 17. CLAY MINERALS IN THE MORRISON FORMATION ON THE COLORADO PLATEAU 336
CHAPTER 18. CLAY MINERAL RESEARCH AT THE INSTITUTE FOR SILICATE CHEMISTRY, ZAGREB 338
INTRODUCTION 338
ATTEMPTS TO SYNTHESIZE HALLOYSITE FROM SOLUTIONS UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS 338
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC MONTMORILLONITES 339
DEHYDROXYLATION OF KAOLIN MINERALS UNDER NONEQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS 342
ADSORPTION OF COLLOIDAL GOLD BY METAKAOLIN 344
FREE SILICA IN SOME BENTONITES 344
CHAPTER 19. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF ILLITE1 348
INTRODUCTION 348
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 350
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION 350
RESULTS 354
SUMMARY 362
CHAPTER 20. IRON OXIDE REMOVAL FROM SOILS AND CLAYS BY A DITHIONITE-CITRATE SYSTEM BUFFERED WITH SODIUM BICARBONATE 364
INTRODUCTION 364
MATERIALS 365
PROCEDURE 366
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 368
CONCLUSIONS 373
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 374
CHAPTER 21. ROLE OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN VISCOSITY OF CLAY SUSPENSIONS 375
INTRODUCTION 375
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 376
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 376
RESULTS 377
DISCUSSION 386
CONCLUSIONS 388
CHAPTER 22. SWELLING PRESSURES OF DILUTE Na-MONTMOKILLONITE PASTES1 390
INTRODUCTION 390
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 391
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 391
CALCULATIONS 392
RESULTS 392
CONCLUSIONS 394
DISCUSSION 395
REPLY 396
CHAPTER 23. X-RAY ANALYSIS OF SOIL COLLOIDS BY A MODIFIED SALTED PASTE METHOD 397
INTRODUCTION 397
PROCEDURE 398
RESULTS 400
DISCUSSION 405
INDEX 412