Mammary Gland / Human Lactation / Milk Synthesis (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The Mammary Gland / Human Lactation / Milk Synthesis 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 12
PREFACE 14
CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES 16
PART I: THE MAMMARY GLAND 20
Chapter One. Embryonic and Fetal Development of the Mammary Apparatus 22
I. Introduction 22
II. Structures in Sequential Development of the Mammary Apparatus 24
III. Variations in Mammary Structures 37
IV. Abnormalities 53
V. Conclusions 55
References 56
Chapter Two. Cell Contacts in the Mammary Gland 60
I. Introduction 60
II. Surface Differentiation in Transporting Epithelium 61
III. Lactating Mammary Gland as a Transporting Epithelium 64
IV. Junctional Modifications at Parturition: Structure and Significance 73
V. Cell Contacts in Neoplastic Mammary Tissue and in Cell Culture 78
VI. Summary and Conclusions 81
References 83
Chapter Three. Neuroendocrine Control of Lactation 86
I. Introduction 86
II. Innervation of the Mammary Gland 87
III. Suckling and Maternal Behavior 87
IV. Milk Removal 95
V. Milk Secretion 105
VI. Conclusions 125
References 126
Chapter Four. Involution of the Mammary Gland 134
I. Introduction 134
II. Histological Features of Mammary Gland Involution 136
III. Changes in Levels of Nucleic Acids 165
IV. Physiology, Biochemistry, and Endocrinology of Involution 167
V. The Removal of Milk Constituents 176
VI. Immunologic Considerations 183
VII. Effect of Involution on Subsequent Lactation 188
VIII. Summary and Conclusions 190
References 191
PART II: HUMAN LACTATION 198
Chapter Five. Human Lactation and Breast Feeding 200
I. Introduction 201
II. Morphology of the Mature Female Breast 202
III. Hormonal and Biochemical Changes during Pregnancy 207
IV. Hormonal Control of Lactation 214
V. Biochemistry of Milk Synthesis and Cellular Mechanisms of Milk Release 233
VI. Composition of Breast Milk and Its Relation to the Nutritive Requirements of the Newborn 234
VII. Feeding the Newborn: Value of Breast Milk 249
VIII. Breast Involution Postlactation 254
IX. Drug Excretion in Breast Milk 256
X. Suppression of Lactation 265
XI. Return of Fertility in Lactating and Nonlactating Puerperas 271
XII. Galactorrhea: Inappropriate Lactation 276
References 293
Chapter Six. Primate Lactogenic Hormones and Functions 300
I. Introduction 300
II. The Isolation of Subhuman and Primate Lactogenic Hormones 301
III. Chemical Structure—Biological Relationships between Pituitary and Placental Lactogens, and Pituitary Growth Hormone 304
IV. Functions during Pregnancy 308
V. Pituitary Prolactin Functions during Normal Lactation 314
VI. Prolactin Effects on Ovarian Function 316
VII. Pathological Physiology and Galactorrhea 318
VIII. Prolactin and Mammary Carcinoma 324
IX. Possible Role of Prolactin in Male Reproduction 325
X. Summary 326
References 326
Chapter Seven. Lactation and the Breast Cancer Process 332
I. Introduction 332
II. Incidence and Age Distribution 333
III. Disease Process 334
IV. Special Aspects of Breast Cancer 341
V. Lactation and Breast Cancer 343
VI. Benign Breast Disease 348
VII. Breast Feeding and Breast Cancer 351
References 353
Chapter Eight. The Immunologie Role of Viable Leukocytic Cells in Mammary Exosecretions 356
I. Introduction 356
II. The Cellular Composition of Colostrum and Milk 357
III. In Vitro Functional Reactivities of Colostral and Milk Cells 364
IV. Experimental Evidence of Maternal to Neonatal Transplantation of Milk Lymphocytes 367
V. Evidence for Survival of Maternal Milk Lymphoid Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Infant 376
VI. The Possible Significance of Milk Leukocytes to the Suckling Neonate 378
VII. Summary 381
References 381
PART III: MILK SYNTHESIS 384
Chapter Nine. Mechanisms of Milk Synthesis—Progress and Projections 386
I. Introduction 386
II. Research Areas 387
III. Projections 388
References 389
Chapter Ten. Lactose Biosynthesis 390
I. Introduction 390
II. Enzymology of Lactose Biosynthesis 391
III. Control of Lactose Biosynthesis 396
IV. Summary 401
References 402
Chapter Eleven. Molecular Aspects of Milk Protein Biosynthesis 406
I. Introduction 406
II. Isolation and Characterization of Milk Protein mRNA Species 408
III. Molecular Events Which Determine the Intracellular Site of Milk Protein Synthesis 418
IV. Summary 420
References 421
Chapter Twelve. Endomembrane Composition and Function in Milk Formation 424
I. Introduction 424
II. Methods of Cell Fractionation 426
III. Composition of Mammary Endomembranes 431
IV. Topological Orientation of Membrane Constituents 439
V. Role of Microtubules in Milk Secretion 442
VI. Membrane Interconversions in Relation to Milk Secretion 442
VII. Concluding Remarks 448
References 449
Chapter Thirteen. Ion and Water Transport in the Mammary Gland 456
I. Introduction 456
II. Pathways and Mechanisms of Monovalent Ion Movements 459
III. Mechanisms of Complex Ion Movements 471
IV. Pathways and Mechanisms of Ion Movements in Different Physiological Conditions 472
V. Variations among Species 478
VI. Effects of Disease 479
VII. Concluding Remarks 479
References 480
Chapter Fourteen. Calcium Transport in Lactation 482
I. Introduction 482
II. Calcium Distribution and Associations 483
III. Cellular Expulsion 484
IV. Other Transport Phenomena 489
V. Concluding Remarks 491
References 492
Chapter Fifteen. Phospholipid Synthesis in the Mammary Gland 494
I. Introduction 495
II. Phospholipid Content and Composition of Milk and Mammary Tissue 495
III. Origin of Phospholipids 501
IV. Synthesis and Metabolism of 1,2-Diacyl-sn-Glycerol 3-Phosphate (Phosphatidic Acid) 505
V. Synthesis of and Utilization of Cytidine 5'Diphosphate-0-l,2-Diacyl-sn- Glycerol 508
VI. Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine 511
VII. Sphingomyelin Synthesis 514
VIII. Metabolism and Function of Phospholipids 514
IX. Conclusion 518
References 518
Chapter Sixteen. The Mitochondria of the Mammary Parenchymal Cell in Relation to the Pregnancy-Lactation Cycle 522
I. Introduction 522
II. Species Differences 523
III. Mitochondrial Replication 524
IV. Mitochondrial Turnover 526
V. Mitochondrial Maturation or Differentiation 527
VI. Summary and Conclusions 529
References 530
Chapter Seventeen. Nucleotides of Mammary Secretions 532
I. Introduction 532
II. Nucleotides of Mammary Gland 533
III. Comparative Aspects of Nucleotides in the Colostrum and Milk of Various Species 534
IV. Summary 540
References 540
AUTHOR INDEX 542
SUBJECT INDEX 572