Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Extreme Ultraviolet Astronomy 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
BERKELEY COLLOQUIUM ONEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET ASTRONOMY 10
ABBREVIATIONS 11
PREFACE 12
PART I: OVERVIEW OF EUV OBSERVATIONS 14
CHAPTER 1. EUV ASTRONOMY ON THE APOLLO-SOYUZ MISSION:THE FIRST DETECTION OF STELLAR EUV SOURCESAND OTHER ASTROPHYSICAL RESULTS 16
1. INTRODUCTION 16
2. RESULTS 17
3. SUMMARY 20
CHAPTER 2. EUV RESULTS FROM VOYAGER 21
1. INTRODUCTION 21
2. HOT WHITE DWARFS 22
3. EUV LIMITS FOR OTHER OBJECTS 23
4. INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 25
5. THE EUV SKY BACKGROUND 25
6. VERY LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 26
CHAPTER 3. EXOSAT EUV OBSERVATIONS 28
1. INTRODUCTION 28
2. THE INSTRUMENTATION 28
3. THE DETECTION OF EUV SOURCES WITH EXOSAT 30
4. ISOLATED HOT WHITE DWARFS 31
5. WHITE DWARFS IN BINARIES 33
6. STELLAR CORONAE 38
7. ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI 40
CHAPTER 4. AN ULTRASOFT EINSTEIN X-RAY SURVEY 43
1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SURVEY 43
2. SELECTION OF SOFT SOURCES 43
3. IDENTIFICATIONS 48
4. THE X-RAY SPECTRA OF THE SURVEY SOURCES 48
PART II: SOURCES OF EUV RADIATION 54
CHAPTER 5. WHITE DWARF STARS 56
1. WHITE DWARF STARS AND EUV ASTRONOMY IN PERSPECTIVE 56
2. THE NUMBER OF LIKELY WHITE DWARF EUV SOURCES 57
3. SCIENTIFIC RESULTS FROM THE EUV 57
4. FUTURE WHITE DWARF SCIENCE FROM EINE 58
CHAPTER 6. RESULTS OF HIGH-RESOLUTIONSOFT X-RAY/EUV SPECTROSCOPY OFHOT WHITE DWARFS WITH EXOSAT 60
1. INTRODUCTION 60
2. X-RAY AND EUV EMISSION FROM HOT DA WHITE DWARFS 61
3. SXR/EUV SPECTROSCOPY WITH EXOSAT 62
CHAPTER 7. METAL ABUNDANCES IN THEATMOSPHERES OF HOT HELIUM-RICHWHITE DWARFS 68
1. INTRODUCTION 68
2. HELIUM-RICH DEGENERATE STARS 68
3. MODEL ATMOSPHERES AND THE NEED FOR EUV DATA 71
4. EXOSAT TARGETS AND OBSERVATIONS 72
5. DATA ANALYSIS 74
6. DISCUSSION 76
7. CONCLUSION 80
CHAPTER 8. EUV EMISSION FROM COOL STARSAND STELLAR SYSTEMS 82
1. INTRODUCTION 82
2. EMISSION MEASURE ANALYSIS 82
3. FLARE STARS 85
4. SYMBIOTIC STARS 87
5. "EXTENDED" CORONAE 88
CHAPTER 9. EUV EMISSION FROMCOOL STAR CORONAE: A REVIEW 93
1. INTRODUCTION 93
2. STARS OBSERVABLE IN THE EUV 95
3. STUDIES OF INDIVIDUAL STARS 97
4. FLUX-FLUX, FLUX-PERIOD, AND CORONAL PARAMETER RELATIONS 104
5. CONCLUSIONS 106
CHAPTER 10. EUV SPECTROSCOPY AS A PROBE OF ASTROPHYSICAL PLASMAS–LEARNING FROM THE SUN 107
1. INTRODUCTION 107
2. PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS 110
3. PLASMA DYNAMICS 121
4. CONCLUDING COMMENTS 125
CHAPTER 11. AN OPTICAL SEARCH FORCORONAL LINES IN ACTIVE M DWARFS:IMPLICATIONS FOR EUV OBSERVATIONS 126
1. INTRODUCTION 126
2. DISCUSSION 129
CHAPTER 12. STELLAR CORONA ANDSTELLAR FLARE OBSERVATIONSWITH THE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER 133
l. INTRODUCTION 133
2. LATE-TYPE STARS IN THE EUVE SURVEY 134
3. FLARE STARS IN THE EUVE SURVEY 138
4. SPECTROSCOPY OF LATE-TYPE STARS WITH EUVE 140
5. SUMMARY 140
CHAPTER 13. HOT STARS—WHAT CAN BELEARNED FROM EUV SPECTROSCOPY? 143
1. INTRODUCTION 143
2. THE PHYSICS OF HOT STAR ATMOSPHERES 144
3. WHAT CAN BE OBSERVED WITH EUVE? 153
4. CONCLUSIONS 164
CHAPTER 14. EUV LINE FLUXES FROMSHOCKED WIND MODELS OF B STARS 166
1. INTRODUCTION 166
2. A SHOCKED MODEL FORT SCO 166
3. EUV LINE FLUXCALCULATIONS 169
4. SUMMARY 170
CHAPTER 15. UPPER LIMITS TO THE EUV FLUX INEARLY B STARS FROM VOYAGER 1/2AND PIONEER 10/11 OBSERVATIONS 172
1. INTRODUCTION 172
2. VOYAGER 1/2 OBSERVATIONS OF BE STARS 173
3. a ERIDANI 174
4. PIONEER 10 AND 11 DATABASE 175
CHAPTER 16. THE EUV EMISSION OF CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES 176
1. INTRODUCTION 176
2. WHITE DWARF TEMPERATURES 176
3. BOUNDARY LAYER EMISSION 177
4. WINDS 178
CHAPTER 17. OBSERVATIONS AND PREDICTIONS OFEUV EMISSION FROM CLASSICAL NOVAE 181
1. INTRODUCTION 181
2. THEORETICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE OUTBURST 182
3. THE EARLY EUV EMISSION OF A NOVA 182
4. THE POST-MAXIMUM EUV EMISSION FROM NOVAE IN OUTBURST 185
5. OBSERVATIONS OF NOVAE 187
6. SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 188
CHAPTER 18. A SEARCH FOR EUV EMISSION FROM CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES 190
1. INTRODUCTION 190
2. OBSERVATIONS 191
3. RESULTS 194
4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 195
CHAPTER 19. EUV RADIATION FROM PRE-CATACLYSMIC,HOT WHITE DWARF-RED DWARF CLOSEBINARIES: V471 TAURI AND RELATED OBJECTS 196
1. INTRODUCTION 196
2. PRE-CATACLYSMIC BINARIES AS EUV SOURCES 196
3. EUV OBSERVATIONS OF V471 TAURI 197
CHAPTER 20. EUV CONSTRAINTS ON BOUNDARY LAYERMODELS FOR CATACLYSMIC VARIABLES 199
1. INTRODUCTION 199
2. MODEL COMPUTATIONS 200
3. RESULTS 201
CHAPTER 21. EUV EMISSION FROMMAGNETIC CATACLYSMIC BINARIES 206
1. INTRODUCTION 206
2. ACCRETION FLOW 208
3. THE EMISSION REGION AND THE SPECTRUM 210
4. CONCLUSIONS 225
CHAPTER 22. EUV EMISSION FROM GAMMA-RAY-BURST SOURCES 226
1. INTRODUCTION 226
2. GALACTIC NEUTRON STARS 227
3. QUIESCENT EUV EMISSION FROM NEUTRON STARS 228
4. TRANSIENT EUV EMISSION FROM NEUTRON STARS 230
CHAPTER 23. PROSPECTS FOR OBSERVING EUVRADIATION FROM NEUTRON STARS 234
1. THERMAL EMISSION FROM NEUTRON STARS 234
2. X-RAY PULSARS AND LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARIES 235
3. ACCRETION DISKS SURROUNDING NEUTRON STARS 236
4. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 240
5. PROSPECTS FOR EUV OBSERVATIONS 240
CHAPTER 24. EUV RADIATION FROMACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI AND QUASARS 241
1. INTRODUCTION 241
2. QUASAR SPECTRA 241
3. DISTRIBUTION OF COLUMN DENSITIES 243
4. PREDICTED QUASAR COUNT RATES 244
5. DETECTABILITY OF QUASARS 246
6. SPECTROSCOPY OF QUASARS 248
7. CONCLUSIONS 249
CHAPTER 25. EUV EXCESSES IN QUASARS 251
1. EUV EXCESSES—ACCRETION DISK SIGNATURES? 251
2. OTHER KINDS OF SOFT EXCESS 251
3. COMMON AND PERSISTENT 252
4. VARIABLE, OPTICALLY THICK 254
5. STEEP SPECTRA 255
6. CONNECTION TO THE REST OF THE QUASAR CONTINUUM? 256
7. VISIBLE AT 100 Ä? 256
CHAPTER 26. EUV OBSERVATIONS AS ADIAGNOSTIC OF POSSIBLE AGN SOURCESOF THE COSMIC X-RAY BACKGROUND 258
1. INTRODUCTION 258
2. A RESIDUAL BACKGROUND? 258
3. ALTERNATE VIEWS 261
4. SPECTRAL EVIDENCE REVISITED 262
5. OUTLOOK 264
CHAPTER 27. EUV PLANETARY ASTRONOMY 265
1. INTRODUCTION 265
2. JOVIAN PLANETS 266
3. SATELLITES 270
4. TERRESTRIAL PLANETS 271
5. COMETS 272
6. CONCLUSION 272
CHAPTER 28. MODELED EUV SPECTRUM OF JUPITER'S AURORA 274
1. INTRODUCTION 274
2. NATURE OF THE EXCITING CHARGED PARTICLES 274
3. THE EUV EMISSION SPECTRUM OF PRECIPITATING S AND O IONS 277
4. CONCLUSIONS 280
CHAPTER29. UV CHARACTERISTICS OFCOOLING BUBBLES OF HOT GAS IN THE ISM 281
1. BACKGROUND 281
2. REMNANT EVOLUTION AND SUPERNOVA BUBBLE FORMATION 285
3. EUV CHARACTERISTICS OF SUCH BUBBLES 286
4. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS 289
5. RELATED PHENOMENA 292
CHAPTER 30. EUV EMISSION FROM THELOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 294
1. INTRODUCTION 294
2. OBSERVATIONS 294
3. THINGS TO COME 304
CHAPTER 30. THE EUV SPECTRUM OF THIN PLASMAS 305
l. INTRODUCTION 305
2. THE SPECTRAL CODE 305
3. RESULTS 306
4. COMPARISON OF CALCULATIONS 306
5. CONCLUSIONS 306
CHAPTER 31. THE ALEXIS PROJECT ANDTHE LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM 311
1. INTRODUCTION 311
2. ALEXIS AS A TOOL FOR ABUNDANCE ANDTEMPERATURE DIAGNOSTICS 311
3. SPATIAL STUDIES OF THE SXRB WITH ALEXIS 314
4. CONCLUSIONS 316
CHAPTER 32. SPECTROSCOPY OF THE ISM IN EMISSION USINGTHE EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXPLORER SATELLITE 317
1. INTRODUCTION 317
2. BROAD-BAND EUV SURVEYS 317
3. PREVIOUS EUV SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS 318
4. DIFFUSE OBSERVATIONS WITH THE EUVE SPECTROMETERS 319
5. SIMULATIONS OF EUVE SPECTROMETER DIFFUSE OBSERVATIONS 321
PART III: INTERSTELLAR ABSORPTION 324
CHAPTER 33. EUV OPACITY OF THE ISM 326
1. INTRODUCTION 326
2. THE EUV OPACITY OF DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE ISM 326
3. WINDOWS TO EXTRAGALACTIC SPACE? 328
4. TUNNELS TO LARGE DISTANCES? 332
CHAPTER 34. THE DISTRIBUTION OF NEARBY H I AND H . GAS 335
1. INTRODUCTION 335
2. DETERMINING NH 335
3. NEUTRAL GAS AT d < 60 PC
4. NEUTRAL GAS AT d > 60 PC
5. NEARBY IONIZED GAS 339
6. PATCHINESS OF NEARBY GAS TO 50 PC 341
7. KINEMATICS OF NEARBY GAS 342
8. LOCATION OF NEARBY CLOUDS 343
9. CONCLUSIONS 343
CHAPTER 35. EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET EXTINCTIONCROSS SECTIONS OF FRACTAL DUST GRAINS 346
1. INTRODUCTION 346
2. FRACTAL CONSTRUCTION 348
3. RESULTS 349
4. SUMMARY 351
CHAPTER 36. EUV OPACITY WITH INTERSTELLAR DUST 354
1. INTRODUCTION 354
2. OPACITY OF THE GAS PHASE 354
3. OPTICAL CONSTANTS FOR GENERIC DUST CARRIERS 355
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING CALCULATIONS 356
5. ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING BY DUST IN THE EUV 360
PART IV: INNOVATIVE EUV INSTRUMENTATION 364
CHAPTER 37. RECENT ADVANCES IN DETECTORS FOR THE EUV 366
1. INTRODUCTION 366
2. MICROCHANNEL PLATES 366
3. MCP EVENT READOUT BY OPTICAL MEANS 368
4. MCP EVENT READOUT BY ELECTRICAL MEANS 368
5. MCP ALTERNATIVES 374
6. CONCLUSIONS 376
CHAPTER 38. CHARACTEWZATION OF MULTILAYER-COATEDCONCAVE DIFFRACTION GRATINGS IN THE EUV 377
1. A BRIEF REVIEW OF MULTILAYER TECHNOLOGY 377
2. PERFORMANCE OF TWO MULTILAYER-COATED CONCAVE GRATINGS 378
3. WAVELENGTH SELECTION AND MULTILAYER DESIGN 382
4. DEPOSITION OF THE MULTILAYERS 382
5. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MIRROR 384
6. PERFORMANCE OF THE MIRROR 388
7. A MULTILAYER-COATED GRATING FOR SPECTROSCOPY OF THE 175 Ä BAND 389
8. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES 391
CHAPTER 39. A HIGH EFFICIENCY IMAGINGEXTREME ULTRAVIOLET SPECTROMETER 393
l. INTRODUCTION 393
2. SPECTROMETER CONFIGURATION 394
3. TEST RESULTS 396
CHAPTER 40. IN-ORBIT, EUV RADIOMETRICCALIBRATION OF SATELLITE INSTRUMENTATION 403
l. INTRODUCTION 403
2. CALIBRATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC TELESCOPES 403
3. EUV CALIBRATION LAMP 407
PART V: FUTURE EUV MISSIONS 408
CHAPTER 41. THE EINE MISSION 410
1. INTRODUCTION 410
2. OVERVIEW OF THE MISSION 410
3. INSTRUMENTATION 411
4. END-TO-END SYSTEMMODELING 419
CHAPTER 42. THE XUV WIDE HELD CAMERA FOR ROSAT 422
1. INTRODUCTION 422
2. DESIGN 423
3. THE OBSERVING PROGRAM 429
4. BACKGROUND 431
5. SCIENTIFIC CAPABILITY OF THE WFC 432
6. PREDICTED NUMBERS OF SOURCES 437
CHAPTER 43. THE EUV CAPABILITIES OF THEHOPKINS ULTRAVIOLET TELESCOPE 440
1. INTRODUCTION 440
2. INSTRUMENTATION 440
3. CALIBRATION 443
4. EUV Observations with HUT 445
5. SUMMARY 449
CHAPTER 44. THE ORFEUS MISSION 450
1. INTRODUC¹ON 450
2. THE ASTRO-SPAS PLATFORM 450
3. THE SCIENTIFICPAYLOAD 451
4. MISSION ASPECTS 453
CHAPTER 45. THE BERKELEY EUV SPECTROMETERFOR THE ORFEUS MISSION 455
l. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 455
2. THE BERKELEY SPECTROMETER 455
3. SPECTRAL RESOLUTION ERROR BUDGET 457
4. INSTRUMENT SENSITIVITY AND PERFORMANCE 458
CHAPTER 46. A HIGH-RESOLUTION,USSR-USA EUV TELESCOPE-SPECTROMETER 461
1. INTRODUCTION 461
2. SCIENTIFIC RATIONALE 461
3. THE INSTRUMENT 465
4. INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE 467
5. CONCLUSIONS 468
CHAPTER 47. THE LYMAN FARULTRAVIOLET SPECTROSCOPIC EXPLORER 470
1. INTRODUCTION 470
2. SCIENTIFIC OVERVIEW 470
3. INSTRUMENTATION 473
4. MISSION OPERATIONS 475
5. SUMMARY 475
CHAPTER 48. ALEXIS: A NARROW-BANDSURVEY/MONITOR OF THE ULTRASOFT X-RAY SKY 477
1. INTRODUCTION 477
2. OPTICAL DESIGN 478
3. MICROCHANNEL PLATE DETECTORS 482
4. BACKGROUND CONSIDERATIONS 484
5. COMPATIBILITY WITH MINISATELLITE CARRIER:EXPERIMENT ENVELOPE 485
6. GROUND SUPPORT HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 485
7. SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES AND SENSITIVITY 486
CHAPTER 49. SANTA MARIA: AN INTERNATIONALORBITING OBSERVATORY FORMULTISPECTRAL (200-7000 Ä) OBSERVATIONSOF ASTROPHYSICAL AND SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS 491
1. EXPERIMENT CONCEPT 491
2. SOME ASPECTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM 494
REFERENCES 498
INDEX 530