Polar Oceanography (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Polar Oceanography: Physical Science 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
Contents of Part B 10
Contributors 12
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Meteorology 20
I. Introduction 20
II. The Winds and Surface Stress 25
III. Major Air–Sea Interaction Polar Experiments 36
IV. Modeling Methods 42
V. Remote Sensing 49
VI. Large-Scale Interaction 51
VII. Flux Coefficient Summary 52
VIII. Conclusions 61
References 62
Chapter 2. Sea Ice in the Polar Regions 66
I. Introduction 66
II. Large-Scale Ice Properties 68
III. Small-Scale Ice Properties 97
IV. Summary 135
References 136
Chapter 3. Remote Sensing of the Polar Oceans 142
I. Introduction 142
II. Remote Sensing Basics 143
III. Theory of Active and Passive Microwave Imaging of Sea Ice 151
IV. Visible and Infrared Sensors 174
V. Satellite, Aircraft, and Ground-Based Remote Sensing Examples for Polar Oceanography 175
VI. Concluding Remarks 186
References 189
Chapter 4. Large-Scale Physical Oceanography of Polar Oceans 194
I. Introduction 194
II. Physical Setting 196
III. Current Systems 201
IV. Water Masses 208
V. Thermohaline Circulation 221
VI. Concluding Remarks 232
References 234
Chapter 5. Mesoscale Phenomena in the Polar Oceans 246
I. Introduction 246
II. Frontal Systems 252
III. Mesocale Eddies 273
IV. Some Consequences of Mesoscale Processes 292
V. Polynyas: A Special Case 296
VI. Concluding Comments 302
References 303
Chapter 6. Small-Scale Processes 310
I. Introduction 310
II. Fundamental Physics 313
III. Turbulent Exchange: Processes and Scales 319
IV. Some Measurements from the Under-Ice Boundary Layer 333
V. Drag Coefficients and Under-Ice Roughness 337
VI. Heat and Mass Flux at the Ice/Ocean Interface 345
VII. Internal Wave Drag 350
VIII. Summary 353
References 354
Chapter 7. Models and Their Applications to Polar Oceanography 358
I. Ice Models 358
II. Ocean Models 380
III. Coupled Ice-Ocean Models 385
IV. Concluding Remarks 403
References 404
Index 408