Clays and Clay Minerals (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Clays and Clay Minerals 5
Copyright Page 4
Table of Contents 7
CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS 5
PREFACE 11
FIELD TRIP HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NINTH NATIONAL CLAY CONFERENCE OCTOBER 5, 1960 13
CHAPTER 1. THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS UPON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAYS 24
ABSTRACT 24
REFERENCES 46
CHAPTER 2. ADSORBED WATER ON CLAY: A REVIEW 48
ABSTRACT 48
INTRODUCTION 49
ELECTRON AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION 50
DENSITY 51
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES 56
DIELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES 60
DIFFUSION AND FLUID FLOW 64
FREEZING 80
"RIGID" WATER FILMS 82
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84
REFERENCES 87
CHAPTER 3. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF WATER IN SUSPENSIONS OF MONTMORILLONITE 91
ABSTRACT 91
INTRODUCTION 91
THEORY 91
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 95
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 97
REFERENCES 104
CHAPTER 4. BEHAVIOR OF MOIST SOILS IN A THERMAL ENERGY FIELD 105
ABSTRACT 105
INTRODUCTION 105
SOIL THERMAL PROBLEMS FACEDBY THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY 106
ENGINEERING SOLUTION OF THE SOIL THERMAL PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY 108
THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF CERTAIN TEST RESULTS 109
SUMMARY 121
REFERENCES 121
CHAPTER 5. THE STRUCTURAL STATUS OF CLAY SYSTEMS 124
ABSTRACT 124
INTRODUCTION 124
MATERIALS 126
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 127
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 129
GENERAL DISCUSSION 147
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 150
REFERENCES 151
CHAPTER 6. HYDRAULIC FLOW THROUGH SATURATED CLAYS 153
ABSTRACT 153
INTRODUCTION 153
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION 156
RESULTS 158
DISCUSSION 160
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 181
REFERENCES 182
CHAPTER 7. COMPONENTS OF PORE WATER PRESSURE AND THEIR ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE 184
ABSTRACT 184
INTRODUCTION 184
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 186
TOTAL AND COMPONENT PORE WATER PRESSURES 186
NEGATIVE PORE- WATER PRESSURES IN SOILS 189
ANALYSIS OF COMPONENT AND TOTAL WATER PRESSURES AT VARIOUS POINTS IN THE SOIL-WATER SYSTEM 191
LIMITATIONS OF THE ANALYSIS 195
CONCLUSIONS FROM THE ANALYSIS 196
THE PHYSICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF PORE PRESSURES AS MEASURED IN SOIL MECHANICS TESTS 196
A PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF EFFECTIVE STRESS 199
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 204
REFERENCES 205
CHAPTER 8. SHEAR STRENGTH AND CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS OF CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ILLITE 207
ABSTRACT 207
INTRODUCTION 207
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 208
HISTORICAL 208
SAMPLE PREPARATION 209
ATTERBERG LIMITS 210
CONSOLIDATION CHARACTERISTICS 212
SHEAR STRENGTH 224
CONCLUSIONS 229
REFERENCES 230
CHAPTER 9. SHEAR STRENGTH OF MONTMORILLONITE AND KAOLINITE RELATED TO INTERPARTICLE FORCES 232
ABSTRACT 232
INTRODUCTION 232
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 233
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 233
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 235
CONCLUSIONS 240
REFERENCES 240
CHAPTER 10. INFLUENCE OF ADSORBED WATER ON EXCHANGEABLE ION MOVEMENT 241
ABSTRACT 241
INTRODUCTION 241
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 241
REFERENCES 250
CHAPTER 11. SELF-DIFFUSION OF EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS IN BENTONITE 251
ABSTRACT 251
INTRODUCTION 251
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 253
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 259
CONCLUSIONS 266
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 268
REFERENCES 268
CHAPTER 12. THE FLOW OF SALT SOLUTIONS THROUGH COMPACTED CLAY 270
ABSTRACT 270
INTRODUCTION 270
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 271
APPARATUS 272
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND RESULTS 274
STREAMING POTENTIAL 278
SUMMARY 279
REFERENCES 281
CHAPTER 13. ANION INFLUENCE ON SOME SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 282
ABSTRACT 282
INTRODUCTION 282
MATERIALS AND METHODS 283
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 285
CONCLUSIONS 289
REFERENCES 289
CHAPTER 14. FLOCCULATION OF SELECTED CLAYS BY VARIOUS ELECTROLYTES 291
ABSTRACT 291
INTRODUCTION 291
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 292
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 295
CONCLUSIONS 299
REFERENCES 299
CHAPTER 15. HYDROTHERMAL PRODUCTS FORMED FROM MONTMORILLONITE CLAY SYSTEMS 300
ABSTRACT 300
INTRODUCTION 300
EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS 301
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 303
DISCUSSION 316
REFERENCES 321
CHAPTER 16. THEORY OF FLOCCULATION, SUBSIDENCE AND REFILTRATION RATES OF COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS FLOCCULATED BY POLYELECTROLYTES 323
ABSTRACT 323
INTRODUCTION 323
POLYELECTROLYTES 325
PHOSPHORUS IN STARCH 326
MECHANISM OF FLOCCULATION 327
EXPERIMENTAL 328
REPRODUCIBLE SUBSIDENCE AND FILTRATION TECHNIQUES 329
TYPICAL SUBSIDENCE AND FILTRATION RATES OF FLOCCULATED SLIMES 330
THEORY OF FILTRATION 333
REFERENCES 341
CHAPTER 17. HALLOYSITE AND GIBBSITE FORMATION IN HAWAII 343
ABSTRACT 343
INTRODUCTION 343
GENERAL PATTERN OF WEATHERING IN HAWAII 345
WEATHERING ON WEST MAUl 347
CONCLUSIONS 356
REFERENCES 357
CHAPTER 18. CLAY MINERAL ALTERATION IN SOME INDIANA SOILS 359
ABSTRACT 359
INTRODUCTION 359
LABORATORY TREATMENT 360
PRESENTATION OF DATA 360
DISCUSSION 366
CONCLUSIONS 370
REFERENCES 371
CHAPTER 19. HYDROTHERMAL REGULARLY INTERSTRATIFIED CHLORITE-VERMICULITE AND TOBERMORITE IN ALTERATION ZONES AT GOLDFIELD, NEVADA 373
ABSTRACT 373
INTRODUCTION 373
GEOLOGIC SETTING 374
REGULARLY INTERSTRATIFIED CHLORITE-VERMICULITE 375
TOBERMORITE 379
SUMMARY 383
REFERENCES 385
CHAPTER 20. CLAY MINERALS IN ROCKS OF THE LOWER PART OF THE OQUIRRH FORMATION, UTAH 387
ABSTRACT 387
INTRODUCTION 387
FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS 388
GEOLOGIC SETTING 390
LITHOLOGY 391
RELATIONSHIP OF CLAY MINERALS TO LITHOLOGY 393
REFERENCES 397
CHAPTER 21. CLAY POLYMERIZATION IN CARBONATE ROCKS: A SILICIFICATION REACTION DEFINED 399
ABSTRACT 399
INTRODUCTION 399
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE IOWA STUDIES SUMMARIZED 400
DISCUSSION 404
SILICIFICATION OF COLORADO CARBONATES 406
LABORATORY SILICIFICATION AND STUDY OF CARBONATES 409
CONCLUSIONS 410
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 410
REFERENCES 410
CHAPTER 22. DEHYDRATION OF FULLY HYDRATED HALLOYSITE FROM LAWRENCE COUNTY, INDIANA 412
ABSTRACT 412
INTRODUCTION 412
PROCEDURE 413
RESULTS 413
CONCLUSIONS 414
REFERENCES 415
CHAPTER 23. MINERALOGICAL PROBLEMS, OF INTERMEDIATE CLAY MINERALS 416
ABSTRACT 416
INTRODUCTION 416
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 417
HYDROUS COMPLEXES OF MICA CLAY MINERALS 417
MIXED-LAYER MINERALS ASSOCIATED WITH METALLIC ORE DEPOSITS 427
REFERENCES 430
CHAPTER 24. THE SPECIFIC SORPTION OF COBALT AND ZINC BY LAYER SILICATES 431
ABSTRACT 431
INTRODUCTION 431
MATERIALS 432
METHODS 433
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 434
CONCLUSIONS 440
REFERENCES 441
CHAPTER 25. THE LOCATION OF BOUND COBALT ON 2:1 LAYER SILICATES 442
ABSTRACT 442
INTRODUCTION 442
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 443
RESULTS 445
CONCLUSIONS 452
REFERENCES 453
CHAPTER 26. DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION STUDIES OF CLAY MINERALS BY INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTRA 454
ABSTRACT 454
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 460
REFERENCES 460
CHAPTER 27. MEASUREMENT OF THICKNESS OF DISPERSED CLAY FLAKES WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 461
ABSTRACT 461
INTRODUCTION 461
DETAILS OF THE SPECIMENS 462
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 462
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 466
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 467
REFERENCES 467
CHAPTER 28. SIGNIFICANCE OF KAOLINITE INTERSALATION IN CLAY MINERAL ANALYSIS 468
ABSTRACT 468
INTRODUCTION 468
INTERSALATION OF 1:1 DIOOTAHEDRAL LAYER SILICATES 469
INTERGRADIENT 2:1-2:2 LAYER SILICATES 470
DIFFERENTIAL DISSOLUTION ANALYSIS CORROBORATED 472
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 472
REFERENCES 473
CHAPTER 29. INTERLAMELLAR REACTIONS OF CLAYS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES 475
ABSTRACT 475
INTRODUCTION 475
INTERLAMELLAR SWELLING 479
THE MECHANISM OF INTERLAMELLAR SORPTION 480
GRAPHITIC ACID AS AN ARTIFICIAL SORBENT 482
POSSIBILITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 483
REFERENCES 486
CHAPTER 30. CATION EXCHANGE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON MONTMORILLONITE IN ORGANIC MEDIA 488
ABSTRACT 488
INTRODUCTION 488
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 488
DISCUSSION 491
CONCLUSIONS 494
REFERENCES 494
CHAPTER 31. A SWELLING CHLORITE MINERAL 495
ABSTRACT 495
INTRODUCTION 495
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 495
CONCLUSIONS 502
REFERENCES 502
CHAPTER 32. ADSORPTION BY ORGANO-CLAY COMPLEXES 503
ABSTRACT 503
INTRODUCTION 503
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 503
EXPERIMENTAL 504
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 504
CONCLUSIONS 511
REFERENCES 511
CHAPTER 33. SOME CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE ADSORPTION OF QUINOLINE BY CLAY MINERALS IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS 512
ABSTRACT 512
INTRODUCTION 512
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 513
MATERIALS AND METHODS 513
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 515
DISCUSSION 524
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 526
REFERENCES 527
CHAPTER 34. ADSORPTION OF 1-n-ALKYL PYRIDINIUM BROMIDES BY MONTMORILLONITE 528
ABSTRACT 528
INTRODUCTION 528
MATERIALS 529
METHODS 530
RESULTS 530
DISCUSSION 531
CONCLUSIONS 542
REFERENCES 542
CHAPTER 35. MONTMORILLONITE-POLYALCOHOLCOMPLEXES 544
ABSTRACT 544
INTRODUCTION 544
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 545
REVIEW 545
SAMPLES INVESTIGATED AND PRELIMINARY PROCEDURES 547
DISCUSSION OF X-RAY RESULTS 548
DISCUSSION OF INFRARED RESULTS 556
DISCUSSION OF OSCILLATING-HEATING RESULTS 556
CONCLUSIONS 561
REFERENCES 562
CHAPTER 36. ADSORPTION OF PROTEINS, ENZYMES AND ANTIBIOTICS BY MONTMORILLONITE 564
ABSTRACT 564
INTRODUCTION 564
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 565
RESULTS 565
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 573
REFERENCES 574
CHAPTER 37. ADSORPTION OF HYDROLYZED POLY-ACRYLONITRILE ON KAOLINITE 576
ABSTRACT 576
INTRODUCTION 576
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 577
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 578
CONCLUSIONS 588
REFERENCES 589
CHAPTER 38. ORIENTATION AND PACKING OF ALIPHATIC CHAIN MOLECULES ON MONTMORILLONITE 592
ABSTRACT 592
INTRODUCTION 592
ORIENTATION OF ALIPHATIC MOLECULES ADSORBED ON MONTMORILLONITE 593
THE SHORTENING OF CONTACT DISTANCES 597
ORIGIN OF THE SHORTENING OF CONTACT DISTANCES 598
DISCUSSION 603
ACKNOWLEDGMENT 603
REFERENCES 603
CHAPTER 39. SWELLING OF SOME VERMICULITE-ORGANIC COMPLEXES IN WATER 605
ABSTRACT 605
INTRODUCTION 605
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 606
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 606
REFERENCES 616
CHAPTER 40. VISCOSIMETRIC CONSTANTS OF SUSPENSIONS OF CLAY-POLYMER COMPLEXES 618
ABSTRACT 618
INTRODUCTION 618
MATERIALS AND METHODS 621
CONCLUSIONS 633
REFERENCES 634
CHAPTER 41. MECHANISM OF STABILIZATION OF COHESIVE SOILS BY TREATMENT WITH ORGANIC CATIONS 635
ABSTRACT 635
INTRODUCTION 635
CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE ORGANIC CATIONIC CHEMICALS 636
CONCLUSIONS 640
REFERENCES 641
CHAPTER 42. A RANDOM INTERGROWTH OF SEPIOLITE AND ATTAPULGITE 642
ABSTRACT 642
INTRODUCTION 642
MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 642
DISCUSSION 650
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 656
REFERENCES 656
INDEX 657