Bacterial Endotoxins (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Bacterial Endotoxins 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of Contributors 10
Preface 12
Contents of Other Volumes 14
CHAPTER 1. General Characteristics 22
I. Introduction. Toward a Definition 22
II. Source in Cell 24
III. Host-Reactive Properties 27
IV. Physicochemical Properties 57
V. A Provisional Definition 75
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 77
REFERENCES 77
CHAPTER 2. The Anatomy and Chemistry of Gram-Negative Cell Envelopes 88
I. Anatomy of Envelopes 88
II. Chemistry of the Gram-Negative Cell Envelope 123
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 143
REFERENCES 143
CHAPTER 3. The Physical Structure of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides 148
I. Introduction 148
II. Problems in the Study of Lipopolysaccharide Structure 149
III. The Physical Shape of Lipopolysaccharide 151
IV. Determinants of Physical Shape 158
V. Physical Structure and Biological Function 162
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 163
REFERENCES 164
CHAPTER 4. Isolation and Chemical and Immunological Characterization of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides 166
I. Introduction 166
II. Isolation and Properties of Lipopolysaccharides 168
III. Sugar Constituents and Composition of Lipopolysaccharides 174
IV. Structure of the O-Specific Chains and Chemical Basis of the Immunological Specificities of the O Factors 183
V. Structure of Atypical Specific Chains as Found in SR and T Mutants 210
VI. The Basal Core Structure as Provided by Analysis of R Mutant Lipopolysaccharides 213
VII. General Conclusions 238
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 244
REFERENCES 245
CHAPTER 5. The Chemistry of the Unique Carbohydrates of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides 256
I. Introduction 256
II. Pentoses 257
III. Uronic Acids 258
IV. Hexoses 260
V. Hexosamines 262
VI. Heptoses 272
VII. 6-Deoxyhexoses 275
VIII. 3,6-Dideoxyhexoses 278
IX. KDO (3-Deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic Acid, 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonic Acid) 283
REFERENCES 284
CHAPTER 6. The Relation of Bacteriophage Attachment to Lipopolysaccharide Structure 288
I. Introduction 288
II. Structure of the Gram-Negative Cell Wall 292
III. The Cell Wall of Enterobacteriaceae —Relationship between Antigenic Alterations and Phage Adsorption 293
IV. Early Work on the T Phages 298
V. Salmonella Phages 301
VI. E. coli Phages 313
VII. Conclusions 323
REFERENCES 324
CHAPTER 7. Chemical and Biological Heterogeneity of Endotoxins 330
I. Introduction 330
II. Morphological and Chemical Heterogeneity 331
III. Biological Heterogeneity 342
IV. Attempts to Explain the Observed Heterogeneity 346
V. Summary 347
REFERENCES 348
CHAPTER 8. Biosynthesis of the Core Region of Lipopolysaccharide 352
I. Introduction 352
II. Pathway of Biosynthesis of the Outer Core 353
III. Role of Glycerophosphates in Core Glycosyl Transferase Reactions 361
IV. Biosynthesis of the Backbone Region 368
REFERENCES 370
CHAPTER 9. Biosynthesis of O-Antigens 372
I. Introduction 372
II. Variations in O-Antigen Structure 373
III. The Biosynthetic Cycle 375
IV. The Antigen Carrier Lipid 377
V. The Polymerase Reaction 379
VI. Transfer of O-Antigen Chains to the Lipopolysaccharide Core—The Ligase Reaction 382
VII. Synthesis of Other O-Antigens and Polysaccharides 383
REFERENCES 387
CHAPTER 10. Genetic Aspects of Biosynthesis and Structure of Salmonella Lipopolysaccharide 390
I. Introduction 390
II. Methods of Genetic Analysis in Salmonella 393
III. The Core 410
IV. The O Side Chains 424
V. Modifications of the LPS Structure 438
VI. T Forms 445
VII. Summary and Discussion 447
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 454
REFERENCES 454
Author Index 460
Subject Index 480