Heredity and Environment in the Functional Psychoses (eBook)

Front Cover 
1 
Heredity and Environmentin the Functional Psychoses 
4 
Copyright Page 
5 
Table of Contents 
6 
Preface 10
Chapter I. Introduction 
12 
HISTORICAL SURVEY 12
NOSOLOGICAL ASPECTS 16
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT 19
THE RATIONALE OF THE TWIN METHOD 22
METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS 23
BRIEF REVIEW OF EARLIER AND CURRENT TWIN STUDIES 26
Chapter II. Aims of the Investigation 
29 
Chapter III. Sample and Methods 
30 
THE REGISTRIES 30
ZYGOSITY DIAGNOSIS 35
PSYCHIATRIC INVESTIGATION OF THE FAMILIES 38
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 46
CODING OF DATA 46
Chapter IV. Classification 
47 
PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS 47
SYNDROME DIAGNOSIS 51
GLOBAL MENTAL HEALTH RATING 51
RELIABILITY OF PSYCHIATRIC CLASSIFICATION 55
Chapter V. Statistical Procedure 
58 
Chapter VI. Frequency of Functional Psychosis in the Twin Sample in Comparison with the General Population 
61 
Discussion 63
Chapter VII. Survey of the Sample 
66 
Sex, age, zygosity 66
Age at onset of schizophrenia 67
Type of onset 69
Chapter VIII. Concordance 
70 
CALCULATION OF CONCORDANCE RATES 70
CONCORDANCE FIGURES 71
SEX AND CONCORDANCE 77
SEVERITY AND CONCORDANCE 78
DISCUSSION OF METHODOLOGY 79
Chapter IX. Comparison of Own Findings to Previous Studies 
83 
CONCORDANCE FIGURES FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA 83
CONCORDANCE FIGURES FOR MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS 96
Chapter X. The Co-twin's Personality 
101 
THE CO-TWINS OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIC MONOZYGOTIC TWINS 101
THE CO-TWIN OF THE MONOZYGOTIC TWIN WITH REACTIVE PSYCHOSIS 111
THE CO-TWIN OF THE MANIC-DEPRESSIVE MONOZYGOTIC TWIN 111
COMPARISON OF SYNDROMES 115
Chapter XI. The Twin Relationship 
116 
Chapter XII. Factors in Childhood and Adolescence Related to Schizophrenia 
120 
Birth order, birth weight, and physique 120
Personality traits in childhood 124
Nervous symptoms in childhood 125
School performances 125
Premorbid personality traits 126
Sex life 128
Social adjustment 128
Discussion 129
Chapter XIII. Comparison between the Schizophrenic Concordant and Discordant Cases 
131 
The genetic hypothesis 131
The environmental hypothesis 134
Chapter XIV. The Social Environment 
137 
Social class 137
Social isolation 138
Family relations 138
Chapter XV. The Parents and the Siblings 
139 
PERSONALITY DEVIATIONS AND ILLNESS IN THE PARENTS 139
PERSONALITY DEVIATIONS IN THE SIBLINGS 140
Chapter XVI. Twins Brought Up Apart 
145 
OWN FINDINGS 148
Chapter XVII. General Discussion and Conclusion 
155 
Chapter XVIII. Summary 
163 
I: INTRODUCTION 163
II: AIMS OF THE INVESTIGATION 
163 
Ill: SAMPLE AND METHODS 
163 
IV: CLASSIFICATION 164
V: STATISTICAL PROCEDURE 164
VI: FREQUENCY OF FUNCTIONAL PSYCHOSIS IN THE TWIN SAMPLE IN COMPARISON WITH THE GENERAL POPULATION 
164 
VII: SURVEY OF THE SAMPLE 165
VIII: CONCORDANCE 165
IX: COMPARISON OF OWN FINDINGS TO PREVIOUS STUDIES 
166 
X: THE CO-TWIN'S PERSONALITY 166
XI: THE TWIN RELATIONSHIP 166
XII: FACTORS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE RELATED TO SCHIZOPHRENIA 
167 
XIII: COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SCHIZOPHRENIC CONCORDANT AND DISCORDANT CASES 
167 
XIV: THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT 168
XV: THE PARENTS AND THE SIBLINGS 168
XVI: TWINS BROUGHT UP APART 168
XVII: GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 168
Appendices 170
Appendix 1 SUMMARY TABLE OF THE MONOZYGOTIC PAIRS 172
Appendix 2 FOUR TWIN CASE HISTORIES 
175 
Appendix 3 EXPLANATORY NOTES AND ABBREVIATIONS 
192 
Appendix 4 PAPERS BASED ON RESEARCH REPORTED IN THIS BOOK 
193 
References 194
Author Index 202