Neuroanatomical Research Techniques (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Neuroanatomical Research Techniques 6
Copyright Page 7
Table of Contents 8
List of Contributors 14
Foreword 16
Preface 18
Part 1: Preparation and Study of Brain Tissues 20
Chapter 1. Microscopy and Photomicrography: An Introduction 22
I. The Use of the Microscope 22
II. Photographic Techniques 41
Chapter 2. Tissue Preparation and Basic Staining Techniques 44
I. Introduction 45
II. Tissue Fixation 45
III. Preparation of Tissues for Sectioning 47
IV. Mounting of Sections 52
V. Staining Procedures 53
VI. Conclusions 63
References 63
Chapter 3. Computer-Assisted Recording of Neuroanatomical Data 66
I. Introduction 67
II. Suitability of Computers to Recording Neuroanatomical Data 68
III. Methodology 72
IV. Appearance of the Data, Analysis, and Interpretation 87
V. Technical Problems, Methodological Limitations, and Interpretive Difficulties 98
VI. Summary and Comments 100
Acknowledgments 102
References 102
Part 2: Techniques for the Study of Normal Tissue 106
Chapter 4. The Methods of Golgi 108
I. Introduction 109
II. Why Use the Golgi Methods? 110
III. Where Is the Golgi Useful? 113
IV. How to Use the Golgi Methods 114
V. What Are the Artifacts and Pitfalls? 127
VI. Rationale of the Golgi Methods 130
VII. Interpretation of the Data 131
Acknowledgments 132
References 132
Chapter 5. Fluorescence Histochemistry 134
I. Introduction 134
II. Fluorescence Histochemical Methods for Demonstrating Biogenic Amines in Neurons 136
III. Conclusions 155
Acknowledgments 156
References 156
Chapter 6. Single-Cell Staining Techniques 160
I. Introduction 161
II. Microelectrode Injection 164
III. Axonal Iontophoresis: Procedure 169
IV. Tissue Processing for Light Microscopy 173
V. Ultrastructural Use of Intracellular Dyes 179
VI. Possible Limitations of Intracellular Staining 185
VII. Prospectus 188
VIII. Addendum 188
Acknowledgments 189
References 189
Chapter 7. Electron Microscopy and the Study of the Ultrastructure of the Central Nervous System 194
I. Introduction 194
II. Specimen Preparation 195
III. Additional Selective Methods for Electron Microscopy 203
IV. Ultrastructure: The Interpretation of the Electron Microscopic Image 205
Acknowledgments 225
References 225
Part 3: Study of Connections in the Nervous System 228
Chapter 8. The Study of Degenerating Nerve Fibers Using Silver-Impregnation Methods 230
I. The Need for the Silver-Impregnation Methods 231
II. Methodology 232
III. Appearance and Analysis of the Material 237
IV. Limitations and Artifacts of the Methods 247
V. Interpretation of the Results 254
Acknowledgments 256
References 256
Chapter 9. The Use of Axonal Transport for Autoradiographic Tracing of Pathways in the Central Nervous System 260
I. The Technique and the Problems For Which It Is Appropriate 261
II. Methodology of Autoradiographic Nerve Tracing (ARNT) 265
III. Other Uses for Isotopes in Nerve Tracing 286
IV. Appearance and Analysis of Data 292
V. Limitations and Artifacts of ARNT 297
Acknowledgments 304
References 304
Chapter 10. The Use of Somatofugal Transport of Horseradish Peroxidase for Tract Tracing and Cell Labeling 310
I. Introduction 311
II. Histochemical Procedures for Demonstrating Horseradish Peroxidase: The "Blue," "Brown," and "Green" Methods 312
III. Advantages, Disadvantages, and Pitfalls in Using HRP Histochemistry to Trace Efferent Projections 316
IV. Labeling of Individual Neurons by Using HRP Histochemistry 318
V. Addendum 330
References 334
Chapter 11. Neurochemical Effects of Lesions 336
I. Introduction 336
II. Lesions and Anatomic Methods 337
III. Effects of Lesions on Specific Neurotransmitter Properties 340
IV. Conclusions 352
Acknowledgments 352
References 352
Chapter 12. Analysis of Retrograde Degeneration in Cell Soma Following Axon Transection 356
I. Introduction: Questions For Which Analysis of Retrograde Degeneration Is Appropriate 356
II. Phenomena of Retrograde Degeneration 358
III. Analysis of Retrograde Degeneration 361
IV. Interpretation of Retrograde Analysis 368
V. Summary 370
Acknowledgments 370
References 371
Chapter 13. A Review of the Retrograde Transport Technique 374
I. Introduction: Applications of the Retrograde Transport Technique 375
II. Protocol 377
III. Appearance of the Reaction Product after Transport 389
IV. Limitations of the Technique 394
V. Summary 398
Acknowledgments 398
References 399
Chapter 14. Electrophysiological Mapping Techniques 404
I. Introduction: Electrophysiology as a Neuroanatomical Tool 404
II. Scope and Problems 405
III. Methods 406
IV. Limitations of the Technique and Interpretations of Results 413
V. Conclusions 420
Acknowledgments 420
References 421
Part 4: Perspective 424
Chapter 15. Histological Techniques in Neuropsychology: The Past and Some Trends for the Future 426
I. Introduction 426
II. Some Examples of Experiments with Simultaneous Anatomical and Behavioral Manipulations 427
III. Concluding Remarks 443
Acknowledgments 444
References 444
Author Index 446
Subject Index 458