Inhaled Particles V (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Inhaled Particles V 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
PREFACE 10
SESSION 1: PARTICLE INHALATION AND DEPOSITION 12
CHAPTER 1. 
14 
Abstract 14
INTRODUCTION 14
SAMPLING WITH THIN-WALLED PROBES 14
SAMPLING WITH BLUNT PROBES 15
THE HUMAN HEAD AS A BLUNT DUST SAMPLER 25
CONCLUSIONS 28
REFERENCES 29
DISCUSSION 30
CHAPTER 2. 
32 
Abstract 32
INTRODUCTION 32
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT 32
SELECTION OF BREATHING PARAMETERS AND EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS 33
RESULTS 36
EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTIES 40
CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE DEFINITION OF INHALABLE DUST 40
REFERENCES 42
DISCUSSION 43
CHAPTER 3. 
44 
Abstract 44
INTRODUCTION 44
CRITERIA FOR SIZE-SELECTIVE SAMPLING 45
EVALUATION OF CRITERIA 51
DISCUSSION 52
REFERENCES 54
DISCUSSION 56
CHAPTER 4. 
58 
Abstract 58
INTRODUCTION 58
MATERIALS AND METHODS 58
RESULTS 66
DISCUSSION 67
CONCLUSIONS 72
REFERENCES 73
DISCUSSION 74
CHAPTER 5. 
76 
Abstract 76
INTRODUCTION 76
THEORY 77
COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT 79
PREDICTION OF CHARGE EFFECT ON DEPOSITION 81
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 83
REFERENCES 84
DISCUSSION 86
CHAPTER 6. 
88 
Abstract 88
INTRODUCTION 88
MATERIALS AND METHODS 90
RESULTS 91
DISCUSSION 96
CONCLUSIONS 98
Acknowledgements 99
REFERENCES 99
DISCUSSION 101
CHAPTER 7. 
104 
Abstract 104
NOMENCLATURE 104
INTRODUCTION 105
GROWTH RATE MEASUREMENTS OF HYGROSCOPIC AEROSOLS 106
HYGROSCOPIC AEROSOL DEPOSITION MODEL 109
SUMMARY 116
Acknowledgements 117
REFERENCES 117
DISCUSSION 119
CHAPTER 8. 
120 
Abstract 120
INTRODUCTION 120
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 121
RESULTS 123
DISCUSSION 123
REFERENCES 127
DISCUSSION 128
CHAPTER 9. DEPOSITION OF PARTICLES IN THE HUMAN LUNGS AS A FUNCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE AND BREATHING PATTERN: AN EMPIRICAL MODEL 130
Abstract 130
1. INTRODUCTION 130
2. EXPERIMENTS WITH PARTICLES BELOW 2.5 µm AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER: TOTAL 
133 
3. EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF TOTAL DEPOSITION OF PARTICLES 2.5 µm 
140 
4. CONCLUSIONS 144
Acknowledgement 144
REFERENCES 144
DISCUSSION 145
CHAPTER 10. 
148 
Abstract 148
NOMENCLATURE 148
INTRODUCTION 148
GENERAL METHODS 149
SUBJECTS 149
BREATHING PATTERNS 149
RESULTS 150
CONCLUSIONS 156
REFERENCES 157
DISCUSSION 158
CHAPTER 11. 
160 
Abstract 160
INTRODUCTION 160
MATERIALS AND METHODS 161
RESULTS 162
DISCUSSION 163
Acknowledgements 169
REFERENCES 169
DISCUSSION 171
CHAPTER 12. 
174 
Abstract 174
INTRODUCTION 174
SUMMARY OF A NEW MODEL 175
LIMITS FOR INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES BY WORKERS 179
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 185
REFERENCES 186
DISCUSSION 187
SESSION 2: DEPOSITION, CLEARANCE AND RETENTION 188
CHAPTER 13. 
190 
Abstract 190
INTRODUCTION 190
MATERIALS AND METHODS 190
RESULTS 192
DISCUSSION 195
Acknowledgement 196
REFERENCES 196
DISCUSSION 198
CHAPTER 14. 
200 
Abstract 200
INTRODUCTION 200
MATERIALS AND METHODS 201
RESULTS 209
DISCUSSION 218
Acknowledgements 219
REFERENCES 219
DISCUSSION 221
CHAPTER 15. 
224 
Abstract 224
INTRODUCTION 224
MATERIALS AND METHODS 225
RESULTS 228
REFERENCES 230
DISCUSSION 231
APPENDIX 1 236
APPENDIX 2 236
REFERENCE 236
CHAPTER 16. 
238 
Abstract 238
INTRODUCTION 238
METHODS 239
RESULTS 244
DISCUSSION 250
REFERENCES 253
DISCUSSION 255
CHAPTER 17. 
256 
Abstract 256
INTRODUCTION 256
AEROSOL DEPOSITION AND AIRWAY FUNCTION 257
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEPOSITION AND MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE 
259 
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT AND MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE 260
CHARACTERISTICS OF BRONCHIAL CLEARANCE 262
EFFECTS OF DRUGS, DISEASE AND POLLUTANTS ON MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE 264
DISCUSSION 266
Acknowledgements 267
REFERENCES 267
DISCUSSION 268
CHAPTER 18. 
270 
Abstract 270
INTRODUCTION 270
METHODS AND MATERIALS 271
RESULTS 274
SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 280
Acknowledgements 281
REFERENCES 282
CHAPTER 19. 
284 
Abstract 284
INTRODUCTION 284
MATERIALS AND METHODS 286
RESULTS 290
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 298
Acknowledgements 299
REFERENCES 299
DISCUSSION 301
CHAPTER 20. 
302 
Abstract 302
INTRODUCTION 302
METHODS AND MATERIALS 304
RESULTS 311
DISCUSSION 314
Acknowledgements 316
REFERENCES 316
DISCUSSION 318
CHAPTER 21. TRANSLOCATION OF MINERAL FIBRES THROUGH THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AFTER INJECTION INTO THE PLEURAL CAVITY OF RATS 320
Abstract 320
INTRODUCTION 320
MATERIALS AND METHODS 320
RESULTS 322
DISCUSSION 326
Acknowledgments 327
REFERENCES 328
DISCUSSION 329
CHAPTER 22. 
330 
Abstract 330
INTRODUCTION 330
METHODS 331
RESULTS 337
DISCUSSION 340
Acknowledgements 344
REFERENCES 344
DISCUSSION 346
CHAPTER 23. 
348 
Abstract 348
INTRODUCTION 348
AIRBORNE DUSTS IN STEEL MANUFACTURING, WELDING AND GRINDING 348
EVALUATION OF EXPOSURE TO FERROUS DUST BY THE MAGNETIC MEASURING METHOD 350
URINARY CHROMIUM AND NICKEL AS AN INDEX OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE 353
REFERENCES 355
CHAPTER 24. 
358 
Abstract 358
INTRODUCTION 358
REQUIREMENTS 359
MATERIALS 360
SIZING METHODS 360
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 361
BIVARIATE ANALYSIS 374
APPLICATION OF RESULTS 378
CONCLUSIONS 378
REFERENCES 378
DISCUSSION 380
CHAPTER 25. 
382 
Abstract 382
INTRODUCTION 382
COMMENT 388
REFERENCES 390
DISCUSSION 391
SESSION 3: DUST IN HUMAN LUNGS 392
CHAPTER 26. 
394 
Abstract 394
INTRODUCTION 394
METHODS 395
RESULTS 399
DISCUSSION 408
REFERENCES 409
DISCUSSION 410
CHAPTER 27. 
412 
Abstract 412
INTRODUCTION 412
MATERIAL 413
METHODS 413
RESULTS 414
DISCUSSION 417
Acknowledgements 419
REFERENCES 419
DISCUSSION 420
CHAPTER 28. 
422 
Abstract 422
INTRODUCTION 422
SUBJECTS STUDIED 423
TECHNICAL METHODS 423
FINDINGS 424
DISCUSSION 424
REFERENCES 426
DISCUSSION 426
CHAPTER 29. 
428 
Abstract 428
INTRODUCTION 428
METHODS 429
FINDINGS 429
DISCUSSION 431
Acknowledgement 431
REFERENCES 431
DISCUSSION 433
CHAPTER 30. 
434 
Abstract 434
INTRODUCTION 434
MATERIAL 434
METHODS 435
RESULTS 437
DISCUSSION 440
Acknowledgements 441
REFERENCES 441
DISCUSSION 442
SESSION 4: BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO DUST 444
CHAPTER 31. 
446 
Abstract 446
INTRODUCTION 446
MATERIALS AND METHODS 449
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 452
Acknowledgements 457
REFERENCES 457
DISCUSSION 459
CHAPTER 32. 
460 
Abstract 460
AGGREGATION OF PARTICLES 460
THE MACROPHAGE FIBROGENIC FACTOR (MFF) 461
ACCESS OF MACROPHAGES TO THE ALVEOLI 464
LIPIDOSIS 465
MONOPOIESIS 468
Acknowledgement 470
REFERENCES 470
DISCUSSION 473
CHAPTER 33. 
474 
Abstract 474
mRNA IN THE SILICOTIC RAT LUNG 474
DIRECT FIBROGENIC FACTOR 476
ORIGIN AND NATURE OF THE FIBROGENIC FACTORS 480
Acknowledgements 481
REFERENCES 481
DISCUSSION 482
CHAPTER 34. 
484 
Abstract 484
INTRODUCTION 484
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF FINE DUST 485
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 489
REFERENCES 490
DISCUSSION 490
CHAPTER 35. 
492 
Abstract 492
METHODS 492
RESULTS 492
REFERENCES 501
DISCUSSION 501
CHAPTER 36. 
502 
Abstract 502
INTRODUCTION 502
METHODS 503
RESULTS 504
DISCUSSION 510
REFERENCES 512
DISCUSSION 514
CHAPTER 37. 
516 
Abstract 516
METHODS 516
RESULTS 517
REFERENCES 519
DISCUSSION 520
CHAPTER 38. 
522 
Abstract 522
INTRODUCTION 522
MATERIALS AND METHODS 523
DISCUSSION 529
REFERENCES 534
DISCUSSION 536
CHAPTER 39. SPECIFIC HARMFULNESS OF RESPIRABLE DUSTS FROM WEST GERMAN COAL MINES VI: COMPARISON OF EXPERIMENTAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL 
538 
Abstract 538
INTRODUCTION 538
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FINDINGS 539
BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 541
CONCLUSIONS 545
REFERENCES 547
DISCUSSION 549
CHAPTER 40. 
552 
Abstract 552
INTRODUCTION 552
MATERIALS AND METHODS 553
RESULTS 556
CONCLUSIONS 559
REFERENCES 559
DISCUSSION 560
SESSION 5: CARCINOGENIC AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS 562
CHAPTER 41. 
564 
Abstract 564
INTRODUCTION 564
MATERIALS AND METHODS 565
RESULTS 567
DISCUSSION 569
Acknowledgements 576
REFERENCES 576
DISCUSSION 578
CHAPTER 42. 
580 
Abstract 580
INTRODUCTION 580
METHODS 581
RESULTS 582
DISCUSSION 587
Acknowledgements 590
REFERENCES 590
DISCUSSION 592
CHAPTER 43. 
594 
Abstract 594
INTRODUCTION 594
MATERIALS AND METHODS 595
RESULTS 597
DISCUSSION 597
Acknowledgements 601
REFERENCES 601
DISCUSSION 602
CHAPTER 44. 
604 
Abstract 604
INTRODUCTION 604
MATERIALS AND METHODS 605
THE ACUTE RESPONSE TO QUARTZ AND BENTONITE 606
THE ACUTE AND SUB-ACUTE RESPONSE TO 5 mg QUARTZ, BENTONITE AND TiO2 
609 
DISCUSSION 611
Acknowledgements 614
REFERENCES 614
DISCUSSION 615
CHAPTER 45. 
618 
Abstract 618
INTRODUCTION 618
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 619
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 621
CONCLUSIONS 632
Acknowledgements 632
REFERENCES 632
DISCUSSION 634
CHAPTER 46. 
636 
Abstract 636
INTRODUCTION 636
MATERIALS AND METHODS 637
EXAMINATION AND ANALYSIS 639
RESULTS 639
DISCUSSION 643
Acknowledgement 644
REFERENCES 644
DISCUSSION 645
CHAPTER 47. 
646 
Abstract 646
INTRODUCTION 646
MATERIALS AND METHODS 646
RESULTS 649
DISCUSSION 653
Acknowledgements 654
REFERENCES 654
SESSION 6: AIRWAY RESPONSE TO AEROSOLS 656
CHAPTER 48. 
658 
Abstract 658
THE INHALED MATERIAL 658
THE RECIPIENT 661
CONCLUSION 663
REFERENCES 664
DISCUSSION 665
CHAPTER 49. 
668 
Abstract 668
INTRODUCTION 668
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 668
RESULTS 669
DISCUSSION 670
REFERENCES 671
DISCUSSION 672
CHAPTER 50. 
674 
Abstract 674
INTRODUCTION 674
MATERIALS AND METHODS 674
RESULTS 676
DISCUSSION 684
Acknowledgements 685
REFERENCES 685
DISCUSSION 686
CHAPTER 51. 
688 
Abstract 688
INTRODUCTION 688
BACKGROUND 689
COMPARISON OF H2SO4 AND CIGARETTE 
691 
CONCLUSION 699
REFERENCES 700
DISCUSSION 701
CHAPTER 52. 
702 
Abstract 702
INTRODUCTION 702
EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 703
RESULTS 705
DISCUSSION 706
Acknowledgement 707
REFERENCES 708
SESSION 7: INDIVIDUAL FACTORS DETERMINING PNEUMOCONIOSIS 710
CHAPTER 53. 
712 
Abstract 712
INTRODUCTION 712
POPULATION AND METHODS 713
RESULTS 715
DISCUSSION 720
Acknowledgement 721
REFERENCES 721
DISCUSSION 723
CHAPTER 54. 
724 
Abstract 724
Acknowledgements 730
REFERENCES 731
DISCUSSION 731
REFERENCES 733
SESSION 8: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 734
CHAPTER 55. 
736 
Abstract 736
INTRODUCTION 736
SELECTION OF COLLIERIES FOR STUDY 737
ENVIRONMENTAL AND POPULATION STUDIES AT SELECTED COLLIERIES 741
DISCUSSION 750
Acknowledgements 753
REFERENCES 754
DISCUSSION 754
CHAPTER 56. 
756 
Abstract 756
INTRODUCTION 756
MATERIALS AND METHODS 757
RESULTS 758
DISCUSSION 761
CONCLUSION 762
Acknowledgements 762
REFERENCES 762
DISCUSSION 762
CHAPTER 57. UNUSUAL PULMONARY OBSERVATIONS AND EXPOSURE TO COALMINE DUST: A CASE–CONTROL STUDY 
764 
Abstract 764
INTRODUCTION 764
METHODS 765
RESULTS 766
DISCUSSION 771
Acknowledgements 772
REFERENCES 772
APPENDIX 774
DISCUSSION 775
REFERENCES 776
CHAPTER 58. 
778 
Abstract 778
INTRODUCTION 778
SUBJECTS AND METHODS 779
RESULTS 781
DISCUSSION 791
Acknowledgements 792
REFERENCES 792
APPENDIX 1: TAKEN FROM 1980 I LO CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS 793
APPENDIX 2: FORMS FOR PATHOLOGY ASSESSMENT (1) 793
DISCUSSION 796
CHAPTER 59. 
800 
Abstract 800
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 800
INSTRUMENT COMPARISONS 805
REFERENCES 808
DISCUSSION 808
CHAPTER 60. 
810 
Abstract 810
INTRODUCTION 810
METHODOLOGY 811
RESULTS 813
COMMENT 820
SUMMARY 824
Acknowledgements 824
REFERENCES 824
APPENDIX 826
CHAPTER 61. 
828 
Abstract 828
INTRODUCTION 828
METHODS 829
RESULTS 830
DISCUSSION 836
CONCLUSIONS 840
Acknowledgments 840
REFERENCES 840
APPENDIX A—DERIVATION OF CUMULATIVE 
841 
APPENDIX B—STATISTICAL METHODS 
841 
DISCUSSION 842
CHAPTER 62. 
844 
Abstract 844
INTRODUCTION 844
MATERIALS AND METHODS 845
RESULTS 847
CONCLUSION 850
REFERENCES 850
DISCUSSION 851
CHAPTER 63. AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL–INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE STUDY OF TALC 
852 
Abstract 852
INTRODUCTION 852
METHODS 853
RESULTS 854
DISCUSSION 862
CONCLUSIONS 867
Acknowledgements 867
REFERENCES 867
DISCUSSION 869
CHAPTER 64. 
872 
Abstract 872
INTRODUCTION 872
METHODS 873
RESULTS 873
DISCUSSION 877
Acknowledgements 878
REFERENCES 878
DISCUSSION 878
CHAPTER 65. ESTIMATES OF DOSE–RESPONSE FOR RESPIRATORY CANCER AMONG CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS TEXTILE 
880 
Abstract 880
INTRODUCTION 880
METHODS 881
RESULTS 884
DISCUSSION 889
REFERENCES 893
DISCUSSION 894
CHAPTER 66. RADIOLOGICAL CHANGES AND FIBRE EXPOSURE IN CHRYSOTILE WORKERS AGED 60–69 YEARS AT THETFORD MINES 
900 
Abstract 900
INTRODUCTION 900
MATERIALS AND METHODS 900
RESULTS 903
DISCUSSION 905
Acknowledgements 907
REFERENCES 907
DISCUSSION 908
CHAPTER 67. 
910 
Abstract 910
INTRODUCTION 910
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 911
POPULATION IN STUDY AND SEARCH PROCEDURE 912
THE MORTALITY STUDY 914
CASE CONTROL STUDY OF DEATHS FROM PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA 916
DISCUSSION 918
Acknowledgements 919
REFERENCES 920
DISCUSSION 920
CHAPTER 68. 
922 
Abstract 922
INTRODUCTION 922
METHODS AND RESULTS 923
CONCLUSIONS 927
DISCUSSION 930
CHAPTER 69. 
932 
Abstract 932
INTRODUCTION 932
METHODS AND RESULTS 933
CONCLUSION 943
Acknowledgements 943
REFERENCES 943
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 946
AUTHOR INDEX 954
SUBJECT INDEX 958