South China Sea (eBook)

Front Cover 1
The South China Sea: Hydrocarbon Potential and Possibilities of Joint Development 2
Copyright Page 4
Table of Contents 5
FOREWORD 7
PREFACE 9
INTRODUCTION 11
CHAPTER 1. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13
I. Geology and Hydrocarbon Potential of the South China Sea 13
II. Technological, Economic, Legal, and Environmental Aspects of Exploration and Exploitation of Hydrocarbon Resources in Offshore and Adjacent Oceanic Areas 14
III. Precedents for Joint Development and Applicability of Precedents to Possible Areas for Joint Undertakings 15
IV. Follow-up Meetings 16
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 19
CHAPTER 2. GEOLOGY OF SOUTHEAST ASIA WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 25
INTRODUCTION 25
A REGIONAL VIEW OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 25
GEOTECTONIC EVOLUTION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 30
HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 33
CONCLUDING REMARKS 33
REFERENCES 38
CHAPTER 3. TECTONICS AND DEPOSITS OF THE CENOZOIC ERA IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 41
1. THE TECTONIC SCHEME PRIORTO THE CENOZOIC IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ADJACENT REGIONS 41
2. THE EVOLUTION OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA PLATE AND THE DEPOSITS OF THE CENOZOIC 42
REFERENCES 46
CHAPTER 4. GEOLOGY AND BOUGUER GRAVITY ANOMALIES OF THE GULF OF TONKIN AND VICINITY 47
INTRODUCTION 47
GEOLOGY 48
TECTONIC EVOLUTION 51
GRAVITY 55
CONCLUSION 58
REFERENCES 58
CHAPTER 5. REVIEW OF PRINCIPAL HYDROCARBON-BEARING BASINS OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AREA 61
INTRODUCTION 61
THE THAI BASIN 63
MALAY BASIN 66
WEST NATUNA BASIN 71
PENYU BASIN 75
SAIGON (HO CHI MINH) BASIN 75
MEKONG (VUNG TAU) BASIN 75
EAST NATUNA AREA 76
GREATER SARAWAK BASIN 76
BALINGIAN PROVINCE 77
CENTRAL LUCONIA CARBONATE PROVINCE 77
BARAM DELTA/BRUNEI-SABAH BASIN 79
BARAM DELTA PROVINCE 79
OTHER BRUNEI-SABAH 82
NORTHWEST PALAWAN SHELF 84
REFERENCES 88
CHAPTER 6. HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN TERTIARY BASINS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 89
INTRODUCTION 89
CYCLICITY 89
REGIONAL TECTONIC SETTING 90
GEOLOGICAL HISTORY 93
PALEOGENE TRANSGRESSION (EOCENE TO EARLY OLIGOCENE TIME) 93
OIL OCCURRENCE (PALEOGENE TRANSGRESSION) 96
NEOGENE TRANSGRESSION (LATE OLIGOCENE TO MIDDLE MIOCENE) 96
JAVA SEA BASINS, INDONESIA 98
KALIMANTAN (BARITO AND KUTEI), SABAH/SARAWAK, AND NORTHWEST PALAWAN BASINS 99
OIL OCCURRENCE (NEOGENE TRANSGRESSION) 99
OIL IN THE NIDO COMPLEX, NORTHWEST PALAWAN BASIN 100
NEOGENE REGRESSION (MIDDLE MIOCENE TO EARLY PLIOCENE) 103
CENTRAL BURMA BASIN 104
SUMATRA BASINS, INDONESIA 105
JAVA SEA BASINS, INDONESIA 105
KALIMANTAN (BARITO AND KUTEI) AND SABAH/SARAWAK BASINS 105
NORTHWEST PALAWAN BASIN 106
OIL OCCURRENCE (NEOGENE REGRESSION) 106
TERTIARY SEDIMENTARY CYCLES IN THE EAST JAVA SEA BASIN 107
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 109
REFERENCES 111
CHAPTER 7. PRE-TERTIARY HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 113
Part I—GEOLOGICAL SETTING 113
A. CONTINENTAL SOUTHEAST ASIA 113
B . SOUTHEAST ASIAN ARCHIPELAGO 118
PART II—OIL AND GAS POTENTIALITIES 121
REFERENCES 124
CHAPTER 8. HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF PHILIPPINE BASINS 129
INTRODUCTION 129
REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING 129
PRE-TERTIARY STRATIGRAPHY 134
TERTIARY BASINS 134
ARCHIPELAGIC BASINS 135
CENTRAL VALLEY BASIN, LUZON 138
BICOL SHELF 139
SOUTHEASTERN LUZON BASIN 139
ILOILO BASIN 142
VISAYAN BASIN 142
SAMAR BASIN 144
AGUSAN-DAVAO TROUGH AND COTABATO BASIN 145
COTABATO BASIN 147
WEST SULUSEA BASIN 148
CONTINENTAL MARGIN BASINS 151
OTHER TERTIARY BASINS 152
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 152
REFERENCES 153
CHAPTER 9. PALEOGENE PETROLEUM POSSIBILITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES 155
INTRODUCTION 155
1. PALEOGENE KNOWLEDGE IN THE PHILIPPINES 155
2. PHILIPPINE PALEOGENE SEDIMENTARY BASINS 156
SUMMARY OF THE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF PALEOGENE SEDIMENTS 161
CHAPTER 10. OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF INDONESIA 173
INTRODUCTION 173
PRESENT STATUS OF OFFSHORE EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES 173
MOTIVATION FOR THE INCREASE OF HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION 174
THE GEOLOGICAL COMPONENT 175
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE OFFSHORE SEDIMENTARY BASINS 176
RESOURCES OF THE BASINS 176
OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL 177
POTENTIAL OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 178
CONCLUSION 178
REFERENCES 178
CHAPTER 11. OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION AND POTENTIAL OF THAILAND 195
INTRODUCTION 195
REGIONAL SETTING 195
OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL 198
OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION 202
REFERENCES 202
CHAPTER 12. BASIC PREREQUISITES FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS 205
INTRODUCTION 205
REALISTIC GOVERNMENT POLICY AND ENABLING PETROLEUM LEGISLATION 205
REASONABLE EXPECTATIONS FOR SUCCESS 207
RISK CAPITAL 207
SOUND EXPLORATION JUDGMENT AND ADEQUA TETECHNOLOGY 208
CONCLUSIONS 208
CHAPTER 13. PETROLEUM RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT POLICIES: IMPLICATIONS OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN CONTRACTUAL FRAMEWORK 211
DATA, SCOPE, AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK 212
ECONOMIC AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 213
CONCLUDING REMARKS 223
REFERENCES 224
CHAPTER 14. CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION SHARING TYPE TAX REGIME FOR PETROLEUM 233
INTRODUCTION 233
APPROPRIATE PROFIT CRITERIA 233
IMPORTANT PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF PETROLEUM 234
PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACTS 236
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING PSC OPTIONS 237
COMPARISONS OF ALTERNATIVE PSC OPTIONS 238
MAIN RESULTS OF THE MODEL ANALYSIS OF PSC OPTIONS 240
PSC COMBINED WITH A RESOURCE RENT TAX 241
RESULTS OF THE COMBINED PRODUCTION SHARING CONTRACT PLUS RESOURCE RENT TAX 244
CONCLUDING COMMENTS 244
REFERENCES 245
CHAPTER 15. EVOLUTION OF THE PETROLEUM LEGISLATION OF THAILAND: A CASE HISTORY 247
INTRODUCTION 247
FUTURE TREND 249
REFERENCES 250
CHAPTER 16. ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF OFFSHORE HYDROCARBON OPERATIONS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES 251
INTRODUCTION 251
BACKGROUND 251
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES 252
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 253
EFFECTS OF OPERATIONS 253
ONSHORE IMPACTS 254
GUIDELINES AND CONCLUSIONS 255
CHAPTER 17. JOINT DEVELOPMENT OF SEABED HYDROCARBON RESOURCES: AN OVERVIEW OF PRECEDENTS IN THE NORTH SEA 259
I. THE EVOLVED REGIME OF LAW 259
II. THE REGIME OF LAW APPLIE IN THE NORTH SEA 260
ARTICLE4 260
CONCLUSIONS 263
REFERENCES 264
CHAPTER 18. JOINT DEVELOPMENT OF OFFSHORE PETROLEUM RESOURCES: THE PERSIAN GULF EXPERIENCE 273
INTRODUCTION 273
BOUNDARIES IN THE PERSIAN GULF 273
OFFSHORE OILFIELDS 274
OIL CONTRACTS 277
CONCLUSIONS 278
REFERENCE 278
APPENDIX 278
CHAPTER 19. JOINT DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN DISPUTED WATERS: THE CASE OF JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA IN THE EAST CHINA SEA 283
BACKGROUND 283
THE FIRST ATTEMPT AT JOINT DEVELOPMENT (JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, AND TAIWAN) 285
THE SECOND (CURRENT) ATTEMPT (JAPAN AND SOUTH KOREA) 285
NOTABLE FEATURES OF THE 1974 AGREEMENT 286
PROCEDURAL BARRIERS TO RATIFICATION 288
OBSERVATIONS 289
REFERENCES 289
APPENDIX 290
CHAPTER 20. THAILAND–MALAYSIA MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING: A CHRONOLOGY 303
INTRODUCTION 303
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE MALAYSIA-THAI JOINT AUTHORITY 303
FIRST MEETING OF THE JOINT AUTHORITY 303
COMMITTEES' MEETINGS 303
APPENDIX 304
CHAPTER 21. SOME COMMENTS ON LEGAL ASPECTS OF PRECEDENTS FOR JOINT DEVELOPMENT 307
COMMENTS 307
SPECIFIC 308
REFERENCES 310