Utilization of Nutrients During Postnatal Development (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Utilization of Nutrients During Postnatal Development 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
INTRODUCTION 10
CHAPTER 1. WORK WITH INFANT MAMMALS. GENERAL AND METHODOLOGICAL REMARKS 14
1. Thermoregulation 14
2. Instability of Body Temperature as the Main Defence Against Detrimental Environmental Effects 17
3. The Action of Hormones in the Early Postnatal Period 24
4. Mother-Infant Relationship 26
5. Quantitative Comparisons Between Infant and Adult Animals 27
CHAPTER 2. ENERGY SOURCES AND ENERGY BALANCE IN STARVATION 29
1. The Effect of Starvation at Two Environmental Temperatures on Losses in Body Weight 31
2. Losses in Weight of Individual Organs During Starvation 32
3. Body Composition During Development 34
4. Losses of Individual Components During Starvation 34
5. Losses of Fat and Protein 36
6. Caloric Balance During Development 43
7. Carbohydrate Reserves During Development 45
8. The Effect of Starvation on Liver Composition During Development 49
CHAPTER 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ASPECTS OF FOOD INTAKE 57
1. The Quantity of Food Consumed 58
2. Qualitative Aspects of Food Intake in Infant Rats 61
3. Free Selection of the Main Nutrients 61
4. Survival of Infant Rats Fed One Nutrient Only 65
5. Protein as an Energy Source 68
CHAPTER 4. THE FATE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN INFANT ANIMALS 71
1. The Absorption of Glucose from the Gastrointestinal Tract 71
2. The Effect of Body Temperature 76
3. Absorption of Isotonic Glucose Solutions 76
4. Absorption of Glucose Solutions Having Different Concentrations 78
5. The Effect of Phlorrhizin 79
6. Reference Bases and the Development of Glucose Absorption 80
7. The Effect of Cortisone and Adrenalectomy on the Rate of Glucose Absorption 82
8. The Relationship Between the Rate of Glucose Absorption and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity 83
9. The Development of Propulsive Motility of the Small Intestine 85
10. The Development of Glucose Absorption in Relation to Food Composition 86
11. The Further Fate of Glucose 89
CHAPTER 5. THE METABOLISM OF LIPIDS DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT 97
1. The Postnatal Development of Lipase Activity in the Gastrointestinal Tract 97
2. The Effect of Cortisone on Lipase Activity 101
3. The Rate of Lipid Absorption During Development 101
4. The Fate of Lipids in the Wall of the Small Intestine 107
5. The Histological Picture of the Distribution of Fat in the Small Intestine During Development 108
6 a. Esterification of Labelled Free Fatty Acids by the Small Intestine in vitro 112
6 b. Esterification of Labelled Free Fatty Acids in vivo 113
CHAPTER 6. THE FURTHER FATE OF LIPIDS IN THE BODY 114
1. Lipid Levels in the Blood During Development 115
2. Changes in the Levels of Free Fatty Acids and Esterified Fatty Acids in Different Organs During Development 118
3. The Effect of Starvation on the Levels of Free Fatty Acids and Esterified Fatty Acids in Different Organs During Development 120
4. The Effect of Fat Administration 123
5. The Special Role of the Lungs 129
6. Fat as a Possible Source of Carbohydrate in Infant Rats 134
CHAPTER 7. ENERGY METABOLISM IN THE HUMAN FETUS AND NEWBORN 140
External Sources of Energy in Human Infants 155
CHAPTER 8. THE LATE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE DIET DURING THE WEANING PERIOD 168
FINAL DISCUSSION 180
REFERENCES 183
INDEX 198