Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 14
Foreword 8
Editors' note 6
CHAPTER 1. FINELY DIVIDED SOLIDS 22
Foreword 22
1.1 Summary 22
1.2 Introduction 23
1.3 Literature survey 25
1.4 Tentative water quality criteria for finely divided solid matter 36
1.5 References 38
CHAPTER 2. EXTREME pH VALUE 42
Foreword 42
2.1 Summary 43
2.2 Introduction 43
2.3 Literature survey on effects of acid pH values 44
2.4 Literature survey on effects on alkaline pH values 56
2.5 Conclusions 60
2.6 References 61
CHAPTER 3. WATER TEMPERATURE 68
Foreword 68
3.1 Summary 68
3.2 Introduction 69
3.3 General considerations 70
3.4 Fish embryos 71
3.5 Fish fry and adults 76
3.6 Temperature and pollution 84
3.7 Temperature and other aquatic organisms 84
3.8 Heated effluents and fisheries 86
3.9 Tentative temperature criteria 88
3.10 References 89
3.11 Appendix. Additional references on the effect of water temperature on fish 99
CHAPTER 4. AMMONIA 106
Foreword 106
4.1 Summary 106
4.2 Introduction 106
4.3 Literature survey on effects of ammonia 108
4.4 Conclusions 118
4.5 References 120
CHAPTER 5. MONOHYDRIC PHENOLS 124
Foreword 124
5.1 Summary 124
5.2 Introduction 125
5.3 Direct lethal action on fish 126
5.4 Sublethal action on fish 134
5.5 Summary of data on invertebrates and algae 137
5.6 Conclusions 139
5.7 Tentative water quality criteria 140
5.8 References 141
CHAPTER 6. DISSOLVED OXYGEN 148
Foreword 148
6.1 Summary 148
6.2 Introduction 149
6.3 Direct lethal action on fish 150
6.4 Sublethal action on fish 152
6.5 Direct effect on fish food organisms 156
6.6 Field observations 157
6.7 Summary of data 158
6.8 Tentative DO criteria 159
6.9 References 160
CHAPTER 7. CHLORINE 164
Foreword 164
7.1 Summary 164
7.2 Introduction 165
7.3 Chemistry of chlorine in water 165
7.4 Toxicology of chlorine in water 168
7.5 Field observations 174
7.6 Summary of data 175
7.7 Tentative water quality criteria 175
7.8 References 176
CHAPTER 8. ZINC 180
Foreword 180
8.1 Summary 180
8.2 Introduction 181
8.3 Direct lethal action on fish 182
8.4 Sublethal effects on fish 192
8.5 Field observations on fish 195
8.6 Summary of data on aquatic vegetation and invertebrates 198
8.7 Summary and conclusions 200
8.8 Tentative water quality criteria 202
8.9 References 203
CHAPTER 9. COPPER 210
Foreword 210
9.1 Summary 210
9.2 Introduction 212
9.3 Direct lethal action on fish 213
9.4 Sublethal effects on fish 221
9.5 Field observations on fish 226
9.6 Summary of data on algae and invertebrates 228
9.7 Summary and conclusions 232
9.8 Tentative water quality criteria 234
9.9 References 235
CHAPTER 10. CADMIUM 242
Foreword 242
10.1 Summary 242
10.2 Introduction 244
10.3 Accumulation of cadmium in fish tissues 245
10.4 Lethal effects on fish 248
10.5 Sublethal effects on fish 257
10.6 Field observations on fish 258
10.7 Aquatic invertebrates 259
10.8 Aquatic algae and macrophytes and other organisms 262
10.9 Summary and conclusions 263
10.10 Tentative water quality criteria 265
10.11 References 266
CHAPTER 11. MIXTURES OF TOXICANTS 274
Foreword 274
11.1 Summary 274
11.2 Introduction 276
11.3 Application of additive index to laboratory studies 283
11.4 Field studies 315
11.5 Uptake of toxicants 319
11.6 Summary and conclusions 322
11.7 Tentative water quality criteria 325
11.8 Definitions 326
11.9 References 326
12. FISH TOXICITY TESTING PROCEDURES 336
Foreword 336
12.1 Introduction 336
12.2 Screening test 338
12.3 Tests to establish water quality criteria 342
12.4 Effluent monitoring tests 347
12.5 Legal tests 348
12.6 River monitoring tests 350
12.7 References 352
12.8 Appendix 1 Standard test techniques 353
12.9 Appendix 2 Terminology used in fish toxicity testing procedures 357
INDEX 366