The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet and the Eye is the first book to thoroughly address common features and etiological factors in how dietary and nutritional factors affect the eye.
The ocular system is perhaps one of the least studied organs in diet and nutrition, yet the consequences of vision loss can be devastating. One of the biggest contributors to complete vision loss in the western hemisphere is diabetes, precipitated by metabolic syndrome. In some developing countries, micronutrient deficiencies are major contributory factors to impaired vision. However, there are a range of ocular defects that have either their origin in nutritional deficiencies or excess or have been shown to respond favorably to nutritional components. The eye from the cornea to the retina may be affected by nutritional components. Effects may be physiological or molecular.
This book represents essential reading for nutritionists, dietitians, optometrists, ophthalmologists, opticians, endocrinologists, and other clinicians and researchers interested in eye health and vision in general.
- Saves clinicians and researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest details on a broad range of nutrition, ocular health, and disease issues
- Provides a common language for nutritionists, nutrition researchers, optometrists, and ophthalmologists to discuss how dietary and nutritional factors, and related diseases and syndromes affect the eye
- Preclinical, clinical, and population studies will help nutritionists, dieticians, and clinicians map out key areas for research and further clinical recommendations
The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet and the Eye is the first book to thoroughly address common features and etiological factors in how dietary and nutritional factors affect the eye. The ocular system is perhaps one of the least studied organs in diet and nutrition, yet the consequences of vision loss can be devastating. One of the biggest contributors to complete vision loss in the western hemisphere is diabetes, precipitated by metabolic syndrome. In some developing countries, micronutrient deficiencies are major contributory factors to impaired vision. However, there are a range of ocular defects that have either their origin in nutritional deficiencies or excess or have been shown to respond favorably to nutritional components. The eye from the cornea to the retina may be affected by nutritional components. Effects may be physiological or molecular. This book represents essential reading for nutritionists, dietitians, optometrists, ophthalmologists, opticians, endocrinologists, and other clinicians and researchers interested in eye health and vision in general. Saves clinicians and researchers time in quickly accessing the very latest details on a broad range of nutrition, ocular health, and disease issues Provides a common language for nutritionists, nutrition researchers, optometrists, and ophthalmologists to discuss how dietary and nutritional factors, and related diseases and syndromes affect the eye Preclinical, clinical, and population studies will help nutritionists, dieticians, and clinicians map out key areas for research and further clinical recommendations
Front Cover 1
Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and The Eye 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 16
Preface 20
Section 1 - INTRODUCTIONS AND OVERVIEWS 22
Chapter 1 - The Eye and Vision: An Overview 24
INTRODUCTION 24
DEVELOPMENT OF THE EYE 24
THE OCULAR ADNEXA 24
THE POSTERIOR STRUCTURES OF THE EYE 27
VISUAL PATHWAY 29
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 29
References 30
Chapter 2 - Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Overview 32
INTRODUCTION 32
EPIDEMIOLOGY 32
RISK FACTORS 33
PATHOGENESIS 34
CLASSIFICATION 34
NATURAL HISTORY 34
RETINAL IMAGING FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 35
MANAGEMENT 36
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 38
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 39
References 39
Chapter 3 - Cataracts: An Overview 42
INTRODUCTION 42
ETYMOLOGY 42
EPIDEMIOLOGY 42
CLASSIFICATION, PATHOGENESIS, AND RISK FACTORS 42
CLINICAL PRESENTATION 45
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 45
PREVENTION 45
TREATMENT 46
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 48
References 49
Chapter 4 - Glaucoma: An Overview 50
INTRODUCTION 50
DEFINITION OF GLAUCOMA AND ITS CLASSIFICATION 50
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AS A RISK FACTOR 52
PATHOGENESIS OF GLAUCOMA 54
EPIDEMIOLOGY HINTS 59
CONCLUSIONS 59
References 60
Chapter 5 - Diabetic Retinopathy: An Overview 62
INTRODUCTION 62
EPIDEMIOLOGY 62
NATURAL HISTORY 63
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 64
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES 65
MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION 68
NEURONAL DYSFUNCTION AND INFLAMMATION 68
VASCULAR DAMAGE 68
DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION 68
TREATMENT OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA 69
References 71
Section 2 - MACULAR DEGENERATION 74
Chapter 6 - Trace Elements, Vitamins, and Lipids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Overview of the Current Concepts on Nutrients and AMD 76
INTRODUCTION 76
CAROTENOIDS 76
TRACE ELEMENTS 76
VITAMINS 78
LIPIDS 81
EPIGENETICS AND NUTRIENTS 82
RESVERATROL 82
SUPPLEMENTATION WITH COMBINED NUTRIENTS 82
CONCLUSION 83
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 83
References 83
Chapter 7 - The Role of Lipids and Lipid Metabolism in Age-Related Macular Degeneration 86
INTRODUCTION 86
RETINAL LIPIDS 86
MECHANISM AND PATHOGENESIS OF AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 89
CONCLUSION 93
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 93
Acknowledgment 93
References 93
Chapter 8 - Carotenoids and Age-Related Macular Degeneration 98
INTRODUCTION 98
CHEMISTRY OF MACULAR CAROTENOIDS 98
MEASUREMENT OF MACULAR CAROTENOIDS 99
DIET AND MACULAR CAROTENOIDS 100
ABSORPTION, BIOAVAILABILITY, AND METABOLISM OF MACULAR CAROTENOIDS 101
PROTECTIVE ROLE OF MACULAR PIGMENTS AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 102
CONCLUSION 102
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 102
References 104
Section 3 - GLAUCOMAS 106
Chapter 9 - Glaucoma and Antioxidant Status 108
INTRODUCTION 108
OXIDATIVE STRESS 108
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GLAUCOMA 111
ANTIOXIDANTS 112
ANTIOXIDANT STATUS IN GLAUCOMA 113
POTENTIAL VALUE OF ANTIOXIDANTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA 114
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 114
References 116
Chapter 10 - Quercetin and Glaucoma 118
INTRODUCTION 118
OXIDATIVE STRESS 118
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND TRANSCRIPTION 118
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GLAUCOMA 119
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND TRABECULAR MESHWORK 120
QUERCETIN AND GLAUCOMA 120
CONCLUSIONS 122
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 122
References 122
126
INTRODUCTION 126
EPIDEMIOLOGY: DIABETES MELLITUS AND PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA 126
EPIDEMIOLOGY: DIABETES MELLITUS AND OTHER TYPES OF GLAUCOMA 126
PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC LINK BETWEEN DIABETES MELLITUS AND GLAUCOMA 128
CONCLUSIONS 130
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 130
References 130
132
INTRODUCTION 132
EPIDEMIOLOGIC DATA 132
LABORATORY RESEARCH 135
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 139
References 139
Section 4 - CATARACTS 142
144
INTRODUCTION 144
HISTORY 144
DIETARY REQUIREMENTS 144
BIOLOGY 144
KERATOCONUS AND RIBOFLAVIN 146
ARIBOFLAVINOSIS 148
CATARACT 148
CONCLUSIONS 149
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 150
References 150
152
INTRODUCTION 152
INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF FOODS 153
INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF SINGLE AND POLYHERBAL/AYURVEDIC DRUGS 154
INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF INDIVIDUAL PHYTOCHEMICALS 156
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 158
References 159
Chapter 15 - Role of Amino Acids on Prevention of Nonenzymatic Glycation of Lens Proteins in Senile and Diabetic Cataract 162
INTRODUCTION 162
HISTORY AND OVERVIEW OF THE FORMATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS 162
GLYCATING AGENTS 162
TYPES OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT 163
ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION IN THE LENS 165
EFFECTS OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS ON THE FUNCTION OF PROTEINS 165
BIOLOGICAL DETOXIFICATION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS 168
PREVENTION/INHIBITION OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION 168
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF AMINO ACIDS ON ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION AND CATARACT 171
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 174
References 174
Chapter 16 - Selenium Supplementation and Cataract 178
INTRODUCTION 178
DOSE OF SELENIUM RECOMMENDED FOR SUPPLEMENTATION 178
PREVIOUS STUDIES ON SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION 178
SELENIUM DEFICIENCY AND CATARACT 178
PREVENTIVE ROLES OF SELENIUM AGAINST CATARACT 179
SELENIUM AND GPX 180
SELENIUM AND PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE (PI3-K)/PROTEIN KINASE B (AKT) PATHWAY 181
SELENIUM AND HSP70 183
SELENIUM AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION 184
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 184
References 184
Section 5 -OTHER EYE CONDITIONS 188
Chapter 17 - Vitamin A with Cyclosporine for Dry Eye Syndrome 190
INTRODUCTION 190
DRY EYE 190
DRY EYE AND INFLAMMATION 190
CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT OF DRY EYE 191
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TREATMENT OF DRY EYE 191
SUPPLEMENT TREATMENTS IN DRY EYE 192
VITAMIN A 192
CYCLOSPORINE A 193
CYCLOSPORINE A IN DRY EYE 193
CYCLOSPORINE A VERSUS VITAMIN A 193
CONCLUSION 194
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 195
References 195
Chapter 18 - Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Dry Eye 198
INTRODUCTION 198
DRY EYE: AN INFLAMMATORY PATHOLOGY 198
DIETARY N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS: THEIR ROLES IN INFLAMMATION 200
N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND DRY EYE 203
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 205
References 206
Section 6 - OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME,
210
Chapter 19 - Metabolic Syndrome and Cataract 212
INTRODUCTION 212
DEFINITIONS OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME 212
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC SYNDROME 213
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN METABOLIC SYNDROME, COMPONENTS OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND CATARACT 213
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 219
References 219
Chapter 20 - Childhood Obesity, Body Fatness Indices, and Retinal Vasculature 222
INTRODUCTION 222
CHILDHOOD OBESITY 222
ASSESSMENTS OF RETINAL VASCULATURE 223
CHILDHOOD OBESITY, BODY FATNESS INDICES, AND RETINAL VASCULATURE 224
FUTURE STUDIES 227
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 227
References 228
Chapter 21 - Visual Evoked Potentials and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus 232
INTRODUCTION 232
VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS 233
REVIEW OF LITERATURE 234
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 237
References 237
Section 7 - MACRONUTRIENTS 238
Chapter 22 - Glycemic Index and Age-Related Macular Degeneration 240
INTRODUCTION 240
GLYCEMIC INDEX 240
GLYCEMIC INDEX AND HUMAN DISEASES 241
MECHANISM FOR HYPERGLYCEMIA TO DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 243
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 251
Acknowledgments 251
References 252
Chapter 23 - Fish-Oil Fat Emulsion and Retinopathy in Very Low Birth Weight Infants 254
INTRODUCTION 254
PRETERM INFANT DEFICIT OF LC-PUFAS: THE RATIONALE FOR ADMINISTRATION 254
POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES OF DHA DEFICIENCY IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM IN PRETERM INFANTS 255
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY – POSSIBLE ROLE OF O-3 LC-PUFAS IN PREVENTION OF DISEASE 255
SAFETY OF PARENTERAL SUPPLEMENTATION OF FISH-OIL-BASED FAT EMULSION IN PRETERM INFANTS 257
FISH-OIL FAT EMULSION SUPPLEMENTATION MAY REDUCE THE RISK OF SEVERE RETINOPATHY IN VLBW INFANTS 258
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 260
References 260
Chapter 24 - The Impact of Low Omega-3 Fatty Acids Diet on the Development of the Visual System 262
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM 262
CRITICAL PERIODS FOR BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 263
OMEGA-3 AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 265
ROLE OF OMEGA-3 ON DEVELOPMENT OF CENTRAL VISUAL CONNECTIONS 267
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 269
References 270
Chapter 25 - Prenatal Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake and Visual Function 274
INTRODUCTION 274
FIRST EVIDENCE OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID EFFECTS ON VISUAL FUNCTION 275
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON HUMAN RETINAL FUNCTION 275
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID EXPOSURE AND INFANT VISUAL ACUITY 276
LONG-TERM BENEFITS OF DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE TO OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS 278
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 280
Acknowledgments 280
References 280
Chapter 26 - Omega-3 and Macular Pigment Accumulation: Results from the Pimavosa Study 284
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 290
Acknowledgment 290
References 290
Chapter 27 - Dietary Carbohydrate and Age-Related Cataract 292
INTRODUCTION 292
DEFINITION OF DIETARY GLYCEMIC INDEX AND DIETARY GLYCEMIC LOAD 292
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES 293
PATHOGENY AND MECHANISMS 295
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 297
References 297
Chapter 28 - Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Age-Related Cataract 300
INTRODUCTION 300
FRUIT AND VEGETABLES AND NUTRIENTS 300
NUTRITION AND THE PREVENTION OF CATARACT 301
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES CORRELATING FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE WITH THE RISK OF CATARACT 303
ASSESSMENT OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE INTAKE IN EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES 305
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 305
References 305
Chapter 29 - Retinal Degeneration and Cholesterol Deficiency 308
INTRODUCTION 308
THE AY9944 RAT MODEL OF SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME AND RETINAL DEGENERATION 308
BEYOND THE IMMEDIATE BIOSYNTHETIC DEFECT IN SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME 311
THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION WITH DIETARY CHOLESTEROL SUPPLEMENTATION 313
OXIDATION OF 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL: POTENTIAL KEY TO THE PATHOBIOLOGY AND THE TREATMENT OF SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME 314
HYPOTHESIS CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF RETINAL DEGENERATION IN THE SMITH-LEMLI-OPITZ SYNDROME RAT MODEL 316
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 316
Acknowledgments 317
References 317
Section 8 - MICRONUTRIENTS 320
Chapter 30 - Vitamin A, Zinc, Dark Adaptation, and Liver Disease 322
HISTORY OF VITAMIN A AND NIGHT BLINDNESS 322
VITAMIN A ABSORPTION AND METABOLISM 322
ALTERATIONS IN VITAMIN A STATUS IN LIVER DISEASE 323
DARK ADAPTATION STUDIES IN LIVER DISEASE 324
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 328
References 330
Chapter 31 - Vitamin C Functions in the Cornea: Ultrastructural Features in Ascorbate Deficiency 332
INTRODUCTION 332
VITAMIN C 332
CORNEAL ULTRASTRUCTURE 333
VITAMIN C IN THE CORNEA 335
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 339
Acknowledgments 339
References 339
Chapter 32 - Vitamin Transport Across the Blood–Retinal Barrier: Focus on Vitamins C, E, and Biotin 342
INTRODUCTION 342
TRANSPORT SYSTEM AT THE BLOOD–RETINAL BARRIER 342
VITAMIN C IN THE RETINA 344
VITAMIN C TRANSPORT ACROSS THE BLOOD–RETINAL BARRIER 344
VITAMIN C TRANSPORT IN MÜLLER CELLS 345
VITAMIN E IN THE RETINA 346
VITAMIN E TRANSPORT ACROSS THE BLOOD–RETINAL BARRIER 347
BIOTIN IN THE RETINA 347
BIOTIN TRANSPORT ACROSS THE BLOOD–RETINAL BARRIER 347
CONCLUSIONS 347
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 348
References 348
Chapter 33 - Vitamin D and Diabetic Retinopathy 352
OVERVIEW OF VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY/DEFICIENCY 352
OVERVIEW OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 352
BASIC SCIENCE RESEARCH ON VITAMIN D AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 354
CLINICAL STUDIES ASSESSING VITAMIN D AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 355
CONCLUSIONS 356
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 357
References 357
Chapter 34 - Vitamin D and Age-Related Macular Degeneration 360
INTRODUCTION 360
VITAMIN D 360
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 361
VITAMIN D AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 363
HOW TO SUPPLY VITAMIN D 365
PROSPECTIVE 367
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 367
References 368
Chapter 35 - Folate Transport in Retina and Consequences on Retinal Structure and Function of Hyperhomocysteinemia 370
INTRODUCTION 370
FOLIC ACID (FOLATE) 370
ROLE OF FOLATE IN METABOLISM 370
OVERVIEW OF THE RETINA 371
MECHANISMS OF FOLATE UPTAKE IN THE RETINA 372
REGULATION OF THE EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY OF FOLATE TRANSPORT PROTEINS IN RETINAL CELLS 374
HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AND RETINAL HEALTH 375
IN VITRO AND IN VIVO STUDIES OF HYERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA AND THE RETINA 376
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 378
Acknowledgments 378
References 378
Chapter 36 - Selenium and Graves’ Orbitopathy 382
INTRODUCTION 382
SELENIUM 382
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND GRAVES’ ORBITOPATHY 383
HUMAN STUDIES 383
SELENIUM AND GRAVES’ ORBITOPATHY 384
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 387
References 389
Chapter 37 - Zinc Deficiency and the Eye 392
INTRODUCTION 392
ZINC DEFICIENCY IN ANIMAL MODELS 392
ZINC DEFICIENCY AND RETINAL PHYSIOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS 393
ZINC AND AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 394
ZINC AND CATARACT 396
ZINC AND OCULAR SURFACE DISEASE 396
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 396
References 396
Chapter 38 - Impact of Impaired Maternal Vitamin A Status on Infant Eyes 398
INTRODUCTION 398
SYSTEMIC VITAMIN A REGULATION 398
VITAMIN A AND OCULAR EMBRYOGENESIS 399
VITAMIN A AND NORMAL OPHTHALMOLOGIC OCULAR FUNCTION 399
VITAMIN A AND HUMAN OCULAR DISEASE 399
VITAMIN A AND MULTISYSTEM DISEASE PHENOTYPES 400
NEONATAL VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES CONSEQUENT TO MATERNAL HYPOVITAMINOSIS A 401
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 402
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 402
References 402
Chapter 39 - Optic Neuropathies Caused by Micronutrient Deficiencies and Toxins 404
INTRODUCTION 404
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHIES 404
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHIES 405
DIAGNOSIS OF NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHIES 405
VITAMIN B1 (THIAMINE) DEFICIENCY 406
VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN) DEFICIENCY 408
FOLATE DEFICIENCY 410
COPPER DEFICIENCY 411
EPIDEMIC NUTRITIONAL OPTIC NEUROPATHIES 411
REDEFINITION OF TOBACCO–ALCOHOL AMBLYOPIA 411
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 412
References 412
Chapter 40 - Space Flight Ophthalmic Changes, Diet, and Vitamin Metabolism 414
INTRODUCTION 414
CATARACTS 414
VISION CHANGES AFTER LONG-DURATION SPACE FLIGHT 415
B-VITAMIN-DEPENDENT ONE-CARBON TRANSFER PATHWAY 415
OPTIC NEUROPATHY AND B VITAMINS 417
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 418
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 418
References 419
Section 9 -NUTRACEUTICALS 422
Chapter 41 - Flavonoids and Visual Function: Observations and Hypotheses 424
INTRODUCTION 424
REVIEW OF EXISTING EVIDENCE 424
NEW FINDINGS 428
CONCLUDING REMARKS 431
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 431
References 431
Chapter 42 - Polyphenols in Vision and Eye Health 434
INTRODUCTION 434
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS ON VISUAL SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 434
BENEFICIAL ACTIONS OF FLAVONOIDS ON OCULAR DISEASES AND DISORDERS 435
BENEFICIAL INFLUENCES OF POLYPHENOLS ON OCULAR HEALTH EVIDENCED IN ANIMAL MODELS 436
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 440
References 441
Chapter 43 - Natural Products and Retinal Ganglion Cells: Protective Roles of Edible Wild Vegetables Against Oxidative Stress in Retinal Ganglion Cells 444
INTRODUCTION 444
NEUROPROTECTION OF RETINAL GANGLION CELLS 445
USE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS TO PROTECT RETINAL GANGLION CELLS 445
USE OF WILD VEGETABLES TO PROTECT RETINAL GANGLION CELLS 448
CONCLUSIONS 452
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 454
References 457
Chapter 44 - Plant Stanol and Sterol Esters and Macular Pigment Optical Density 462
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION 462
CAROTENOIDS 462
MACULAR PIGMENT 463
PLANT STEROLS AND STANOLS 464
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 467
References 467
Chapter 45 - Seeds of Cornus officinalis and Diabetic Cataracts 472
INTRODUCTION 472
CORNUS OFFICINALIS SIEB. ET ZUCC 472
EXTRACTION AND ISOLATION OF COMPOUNDS FROM THE SEEDS OF CORNUS OFFICINALIS 473
INHIBITORY EFFECT ON ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT FORMATION 474
INDIRECT ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECT ON AGE FORMATION BY INDIRECT ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASS... 475
INHIBITORY EFFECT ON ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT–BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN CROSS-LINKING TO COLLAGEN 475
BREAKING EFFECT ON ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCT–BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN CROSS-LINKS FORMED IN VITRO 475
RAT LENS ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITION ASSAY 477
RAT LENS ORGAN CULTURE AND ANALYSIS OF LENS OPACITY 477
CONCLUSIONS 477
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 478
Acknowledgment 478
References 478
Chapter 46 - Lutein and the Retinopathy of Prematurity 480
INTRODUCTION 480
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY: PATHOGENESIS 480
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY: STAGING 481
MACULAR CAROTENOIDS: RETINAL DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND FUNCTION 482
LUTEIN AND THE RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY 483
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 484
References 484
Chapter 47 - Dietary Wolfberry and Retinal Degeneration 486
INTRODUCTION 486
BOTANICAL ASPECTS OF WOLFBERRY 486
BIOACTIVE CONSTITUENTS OF WOLFBERRY 486
BIOAVAILABILITY OF WOLFBERRY 487
WOLFBERRY AND PREVENTION OF MACULAR DEGENERATION 488
WOLFBERRY POLYSACCHARIDES AND RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA 489
WOLFBERRY POLYSACCHARIDES AND GANGLION CELL SURVIVAL IN RETINAL ISCHEMIA AND GLAUCOMA 489
WOLFBERRY AND DIABETIC RETINAL DEGENERATION 489
POTENTIAL WOLFBERRY–DRUG INTERACTIONS AND SIDE EFFECTS 491
CONCLUSION 491
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 491
Acknowledgments 492
References 492
Chapter 48 - Sea Buckthorn, Dry Eye, and Vision 494
INTRODUCTION 494
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS OF SEA BUCKTHORN BERRY 494
SEA BUCKTHORN OIL FOR DRY EYE 496
EFFECTS OF SEA BUCKTHORN ON COMPONENTS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME ASSOCIATED WITH RETINAL FUNCTION 498
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 499
References 499
Chapter 49 - Resveratrol and the Human Retina 502
INTRODUCTION 502
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF RESVERATROL AND ITS DERIVATIVES 502
BIOAVAILABILITY AND SAFETY OF RESVERATROL 502
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF RESVERATROL IN EXPERIMENTAL EYE DISEASE MODELS 503
PROAPOPTOTIC AND ANTIAPOPTOTIC PROPERTIES OF RESVERATROL FROM IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS 506
ANTIPROLIFERATIVE POTENTIAL OF RESVERATROL IN VITRO EXPERIMENTS 506
ANTIANGIOGENIC PROPERTIES OF RESVERATROL IN EXPERIMENTAL RETINA MODELS 507
RESVERATROL AS A SIRTUIN ACTIVATOR 509
RESVERATROL AS A LARGE-CONDUCTANCE CALCIUM-ACTIVATED POTASSIUM CHANNEL MODULATOR 510
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 510
References 511
Chapter 50 - Acetyl-L-Carnitine as a Nutraceutical Agent in Preventing Selenite-Induced Cataract 514
INTRODUCTION 514
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND CATARACT FORMATION 514
SELENITE CATARACT 514
INFLUENCE OF NUTRITION SUPPLEMENTATION AND CATARACT PREVENTION 515
ACETYL-L-CARNITINE 515
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 522
References 522
Chapter 51 - Taurine Deficiency and the Eye 526
INTRODUCTION 526
TAURINE DEPLETION AND PHOTORECEPTOR DEGENERATION 529
TAURINE DEPLETION AND RETINAL GANGLION CELL DEGENERATION 529
TAURINE-INDUCED MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MECHANISMS 531
OTHER EYE STRUCTURES 532
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 532
Acknowledgments 533
References 533
Section 10 - NUTRIGENOMICS AND
536
Chapter 52 - Gene Expression and the Impact of Antioxidant Supplements in the Cataractous Lens 538
INTRODUCTION 538
ANTIOXIDANTS AND PREVENTION OF CATARACT PROGRESSION 538
ROLE OF NUTRITION IN CATARACT PREVENTION: EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES 538
POSSIBLE INDICATORS OF THE EFFECTS OF ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTS IN THE LENS 539
GENE EXPRESSION AS AN INDICATOR OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME PRODUCTION 539
G6PDH AND 18S RRNA GENE EXPRESSION IN LENTICULAR ANTERIOR CAPSULE AFTER OCUVITE+LUTEIN® 539
METHODOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS OF MEASURING MESSENGER RNA EXPRESSION OF G6PDH AND 18S RRNA IN LENTICULAR ANTERIOR CAPSULE 541
POSSIBLE ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENT IN INCREASED G6PDH AND 18S RRNA EXPRESSION 542
CONCLUSIONS 544
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 544
References 544
Chapter 53 - The Adenosine A2a Receptor and Diabetic Retinopathy 546
INTRODUCTION 546
HYPERGLYCEMIA 546
ADENOSINE AND ITS RECEPTORS 547
OXIDATIVE STRESS AND THE ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR 548
VASCULAR CELLS, HYPERGLYCEMIA, AND ADENOSINE 549
NERVE CELLS 550
VARIANTS OF THE ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR AND PROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 551
THERAPIES BASED ON THE ADENOSINE A2A RECEPTOR 551
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 553
Acknowledgment 554
References 554
Chapter 54 - Effects of Environmental, Genetic, and Epigenetic Factors on Platelet Glycoproteins and the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy 556
INTRODUCTION 556
PATHOGENESIS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 556
PLATELETS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 557
C825T POLYMORPHISM OF THE G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTOR GENE 557
GENETIC FACTORS AND .2.1 INTEGRIN 558
GENETIC FACTORS AND GLYCOPROTEIN IIB-IIIA 558
EPIGENETIC FACTORS AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 560
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, NUTRITION, AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 560
CONCLUSIONS 561
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 561
Acknowledgment 562
References 562
Chapter 55 - Haptoglobin Genotype and Diabetic Retinopathy 564
INTRODUCTION 564
COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES 565
HAPTOGLOBIN AND RISK OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 565
HAPTOGLOBIN AND ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION 565
HAPTOGLOBIN GENOTYPE AND TYPE OF DIABETES 566
ANIMAL MODELS OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 566
PREVALENCE OF MILD DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 567
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 567
References 568
Chapter 56 - SLC23A2 Gene Variation, Vitamin C Levels, and Glaucoma 570
INTRODUCTION 570
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN GLAUCOMA 570
GENETIC FACTORS IN GLAUCOMA 571
NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS 571
VITAMIN C 573
SLC23A2 GENE VARIATION 574
CONCLUSIONS 575
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 575
References 575
Chapter 57 - Molecular Pathways, Green Tea Extract, ( )-Epigallocatechin Gallate, and Ocular Tissue 578
INTRODUCTION 578
MOLECULAR PATHWAY OF GREEN TEA AND (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE 578
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA EXTRACT AND (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE ON THE CORNEAL EPITHELIUM 579
ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE ON HUMAN LENS EPITHELIAL CELLS 581
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE ON RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELLS 583
EFFECTS ON OCULAR HYPERTENSION AND GLAUCOMA 584
BENEFITS FOR RETINAL ISCHEMIA–REPERFUSION INJURY, OPHTHALMIC ARTERY, AND OPTIC NERVE 584
OTHER EFFECTS 585
HOW TO SUPPLY GREEN TEA EXTRACT AND EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE 585
CONCLUSIONS 586
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 586
References 586
Chapter 58 - Dietary Antioxidants, avß5 Integrin, and Ocular Protection: Long-Term Consequences of Arrhythmic Retinal Pigment Epithelium Phagocytosis 588
INTRODUCTION 588
ROLE OF INTEGRIN ADHESION RECEPTOR .V.5 IN PHAGOCYTOSIS 589
PRIMARY RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM DEFECTS IN MICE LACKING .V.5 INTEGRIN 590
ACTIN CYTOSKELETAL DAMAGE IN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELLS 593
CONCLUSIONS 595
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 595
References 596
Chapter 59 - Nutrition, Diet, the Eye, and Vision: Molecular Aspects of Vitamin A Binding Proteins and Their Importance in Vision 598
INTRODUCTION 598
ANALYTICAL METHODS 598
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 599
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 606
Acknowledgment 606
References 606
Chapter 60 - Lycopene and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: Molecular Aspects 608
INTRODUCTION 608
LYCOPENE AND ITS METABOLITES IN HUMAN OCULAR TISSUES 609
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM 609
INFLAMMATION IN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM 613
ANGIOGENESIS IN RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM 614
CELL PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIAL CELLS 614
CONCLUSIONS 615
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 616
References 616
Chapter 61 - Ascorbate Transport in Retinal Cells and Its Relationship with the Nitric Oxide System 620
INTRODUCTION 620
VITAMIN C 620
L-ARGININE AND NITRIC OXIDE 623
NITRIC OXIDE REGULATION OF ASCORBATE SYSTEM 628
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 629
References 629
Section - 11 ADVERSE EFFECTS AND
632
Chapter 62 - Dietary Hyperlipidemia and Retinal Microaneurysms 634
INTRODUCTION 634
CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS, ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION, AND INFLAMMATION 634
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AND RETINAL VASCULAR LESIONS 634
OBESITY, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND SIGNS OF RETINOPATHY 635
GLYCEMIA AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY 636
BLOOD PRESSURE AND RETINAL VASCULAR LESIONS 636
HOW TO KEEP HEALTHY 638
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 638
References 638
Chapter 63 - Iron-Induced Retinal Damage 640
INTRODUCTION 640
SYSTEMIC AND RETINAL DISEASES WITH EXCESS IRON 640
IMPORTATION, STORAGE, AND EXPORTATION OF IRON IN THE EYE 642
THE ROLE OF NUTRITION AND RETINAL IRON 643
NUTRITIONAL IRON AND EYE DISEASE 644
PREVENTION AND THERAPEUTICS 644
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 645
References 645
Chapter 64 - Hypoglycemia and Retinal Cell Death 648
INTRODUCTION 648
GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE RETINA 648
HYPOGLYCEMIA 649
MICROARRAY ANALYSIS AND MAJOR PATHWAYS INVOLVED 652
APOPTOSIS AND CELL DEATH 652
CONCLUSIONS 655
TAKE-HOME MESSAGES 655
References 655
Chapter 65 - Yellow Corneal Rings, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, and Carotenoid Supplementation and Metabolism 658
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION, AREDS1, AND AREDS2 658
LIMBAL CIRCULATION, YELLOW RINGS, AND OTHER PERIPHERAL CORNEAL RINGS 659
CAROTENOID AND VITAMIN A METABOLISM AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE 660
References 661
Index 664
Color Plates 686
Contributors
R.B.Bozard
Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
Department of Ophthalmology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, GA, USA
Chi-MingChan
School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
Department of Ophthalmology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
Ching-YuCheng
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
DoloresCorella
Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, ISCIII, Valencia, Spain
M.Cossenza
Program of Neurosciences, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
Departament of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
CécileDelcourt
Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Inserm, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
Marie-NoëlleDelyfer
Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
Inserm, ISPED, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, Bordeaux, France
Service d’Ophtalmologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| Erscheint lt. Verlag | 1.4.2014 |
|---|---|
| Sprache | englisch |
| Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Gesundheit / Leben / Psychologie |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Gesundheitsfachberufe ► Diätassistenz / Ernährungsberatung | |
| Medizin / Pharmazie ► Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Augenheilkunde | |
| Medizinische Fachgebiete ► Innere Medizin ► Diabetologie | |
| Studium ► 1. Studienabschnitt (Vorklinik) ► Biochemie / Molekularbiologie | |
| Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie | |
| Technik ► Lebensmitteltechnologie | |
| ISBN-10 | 0-12-404606-1 / 0124046061 |
| ISBN-13 | 978-0-12-404606-1 / 9780124046061 |
| Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
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