Front Cover 1
Advances in Cellular Neurobiology 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
CONTRIBUTORS 10
PREFACE 12
CONTENTS OF PREVIOUS VOLUMES 14
Section 1: CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND INTERACTION 20
CHAPTER 1. HUMORAL INFLUENCES ON BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 22
I. Neurotransmitters as Developmental Signals 22
II. Thyroid Hormones and Corticosteroids as Temporal Regulators of Postnatal Neurogenesis 45
III. Hormonal–Humoral Interactions 56
IV. Summary and Conclusions 59
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
CHAPTER 2. GROWTH FACTORS REGULATING AUTONOMIC NERVE DEVELOPMENT 72
I. Introduction 72
II. Regulation of Neuronal Growth: NGF as a Model Factor 78
III. Autonomie Development in Vivo 79
IV. Nerve–Target Interactions 86
V. Characterized Growth Factors 96
VI. Summary and Conclusions 114
Acknowledgments 116
References 117
CHAPTER 3. THE NEURONAL CYTOSKELETON 132
I. Introduction 132
II. Morphology and Cellular Distribution 134
III. Biochemistry 137
IV. Physiology and Function 144
V. Pathology 148
References 149
CHAPTER 4. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF NEUROPIL GLIAL CELLS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF THE LEECH: A MODEL SYSTEM FOR POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS IN THE BRAIN 162
I. Introduction 163
II. Morphology and Identification of Glial Cells in the Leech CNS 167
III. Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuropil Glial Cell Membrane 173
IV. Leech Neuropil Glial Cell Membrane Potential and Its Dependence on the External Potassium and Chloride Concentration 176
V. Ionic Mechanism and Effect of 5-Hydroxytryptamine on Leech NG Cell Membranes 183
VI. Conclusions 190
References 191
CHAPTER 5. THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE MATRIX OF THE VERTEBRATE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 196
I. Introduction 196
II. Methods of Study 202
III. Proteoglycans of Nerves 212
IV. Distribution of Elastic System Fibers in Nerves 214
V. Identification and Differential Distribution of Collagen in Nerves 216
VI. Collagen of Human Nerves in Two Pathological Models 227
VII. Do Schwann Cells Produce Collagen Type III? 229
VIII. Conclusions 233
Acknowledgments 234
References 234
Section 2: PATHOLOGY 238
CHAPTER 6. GLIAL CELLS IN HUNTINGTON'S CHOREA 240
I. Introduction 240
II. Huntington's Chorea: A Case of Neuronal Death 241
III. Astrogliosis in Huntington's Chorea 243
IV. Oligodendrocytes and Myelin 244
V. Glial–Glial and Glial–Neuronal Relationships 245
VI. Trophic Interactions between Glial Cells and Neurons 246
VII. Reactive Astrocytosis: Pathological Glial–Neuronal and Glial–Glial Interactions 247
VIII. Reactive versus Normal Astrocytes 248
IX. Glial Cell Markers 249
X. Glutamate and Glial Cells 255
XI. Membrane Changes in HC 257
XII. GABA, Glial Cells, and Neurotransmission 257
XIII. Conclusions 258
Acknowledgments 260
References 260
CHAPTER 7. CENTRAL NEURONS IN CULTURE IN THE STUDY OF SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES 270
I. Introduction 270
II. Culture of CNS Cells 272
III. Identification of Cell Subpopulations 274
IV. Autoantibodies against Neurofilaments of Cultured Neurons in Subacute Spongiform Encephalopathies 278
V. Conclusions 285
References 285
Section 3: METHODOLOGIES 288
CHAPTER 8. PREPARATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND THEIR ADVANTAGES IN IDENTIFYING SPECIFIC NEURONS 290
I. Introduction 290
II. The Leech Nervous System 292
III. Methods 293
IV. Monoclonal Antibodies That Give Rise to Restrictive Neuronal Labeling 298
V. Mapping Antigenically Homologous Neurons across the Entire CNS 304
VI. Fixation Methods Can Differentiate between Monoclonal Antibody Cross-Reactivities 309
VII. Monoclonal Antibodies Cross-React with Select Neuronal and Epithelial Tissue: Biochemical Characterization of Central and Peripheral Antigens 311
VIII. The Expression of Antigens by Embryonic Neurons and Glial Cells 317
IX. Conclusion 321
References 322
CHAPTER 9. FLUORESCENT NEURONAL TRACERS 326
I. Introduction 326
II. Development of the Multiple Retrograde Fluorescent Tracer Technique for Demonstrating Axon Collaterals 328
III. Differential Retrograde Labeling of Different Members of a Neuronal Population by Means of Fluorescent Tracers 346
IV. The Use of Retrograde Fluorescent Tracers in Studying Developmental Changes in Fiber Connections in the Brain 347
V. Anterograde Axonal Transport of Fluorescent Tracers 348
VI. Combination of the Retrograde Tracers with Other Techniques 350
VII. Methods for Using the Fluorescent Tracers Evans Blue (EB), DAPI, Primulin (Pr), DAPI/Primulin Mixture, Propidium Iodide (PI), Granular Blue (GB), True Blue (TB), Fast Blue (FB), Nuclear Yellow (NY), and Diamidino Yellow (DY) 352
Acknowledgments 356
References 356
CHAPTER 10. COMPUTER-ASSISTED RECONSTRUCTION FROM SERIAL ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS: A TOOL FOR THE SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF NEURONAL FORM AND FUNCTION 362
I. Introduction 362
II. When Is Serial Electron Microscopy Appropriate? 364
III. General Problems Associated with Large-Scale Serial EM Reconstruction 368
IV. Systematic Collection and Staining 369
V. Systematic EM Photography 371
VI. Systematic Computer Reconstruction 372
VII. Analytical and Display Software 382
VIII. Future Technical Improvements and Future Applications 388
Acknowledgments 389
References 390
INDEX 394