Molecular Cloning of Hormone Genes

1 Approaches to Gene Cloning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Construction and Analysis of Recombinant DNA.- 3. Techniques of Identification.- 4. Cloning Techniques.- 5. Hybridization Probes.- References.- 2 Gene Structure and Regulation.- 1. Introduction and Background.- 2. The Structure and Organization of Genes.- 3. Precursors of the Peptide Hormones.- 4. The Generation of Biologic Diversity.- 5. Gene Expression.- 6. Tissue-Specific Gene Expression.- 7. Coupling of Effector Action to Cellular Response.- References.- 3 Insulin Genes: Molecular Cloning and Analyses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Cloning Strategies.- 3. Structure and Expression of the Insulin Gene.- 4. Polymorphism in the Human Insulin Genes.- 5. Abnormal Human Insulins.- References.- 4 The Glucagon Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning and Characterization of Rat Preproglucagon mRNAs and cDNAs.- 3. Glucagon Gene Cloning and Structural Analysis.- 4. Implications Derived From the Structure of the Glucagon Gene.- References.- 5 The Somatostatin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Anglerfish Somatostatins.- 3. Mammalian Somatostatin.- 4. Future Directions.- References.- 6 The Human Growth-Hormone Gene Family.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Map of the GH Locus.- 3. Sequences of the GH Family Members.- References.- 7 Glycoprotein Hormone Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Molecular Cloning of Genes Encoding the Subunits of Glycoprotein Hormones.- 3. Expression of the Subunit Genes.- 4. Summary.- References.- 8 Oxytocin and Vasopressin Genes: Expression and Structure.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Elucidation of the Precursor Structures.- 3. Maturation of the Precursors.- 4. Vasopressin and Oxytocin Genes.- 5. The Vasopressin Gene in Diabetes Insipidus (Brattleboro) Rats.- 6. Expression of the Oxytocin Gene in Peripheral Organs.- 7. Polyprotein Structures and Their Implications.- References.- 9 The Proopiomelanocortin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of POMC Complementary DNA.- 3. POMC Gene Structure.- 4. Applications of Recombinant-DNA Probes to the Study of POMC Gene Expression.- 5. Summary.- References.- 10 Enkephalin Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. mRNA Characterization and Gene Structure.- References.- 11 Calcitonin and Calcitonin-Related Peptide Genes: Tissue-Specific RNA Processing.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Calcitonin Gene Expression.- 3. Mechanisms of Tissue-Specific RNA-Processing Events.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 12 Parathyroid Hormone Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of PTH Genes.- 3. Gene Number, Location, and Polymorphisms.- 4. Structure of Mammalian PTH Genes.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 13 The Renin Gene.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Renin—Angiotensin System—Its Importance in the Regulation of Blood Pressure.- 3. Renin: A Member of the Aspartyl Protease Family?.- 4. The Genetic System in the Mouse.- 5. Cloning of the Mouse Submaxillary Renin cDNA.- 6. Structure and Processing of Mouse and Human Renin.- 7. Structure of the Renin Gene and Comparison With Other Aspartyl Proteases.- 8. Tissue-Specific Expression of the Renin Gene.- 9. Conclusion.- References.- 14 Nerve Growth Factor: mRNA and Genes That Encode the ?-Subunit.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of DNA Complementary to the mRNA That Encodes the ?-Subunit of Nerve Growth Factor.- 3. Human ?-NGF Gene.- 4. Structure of ?-NGF mRNA and Gene.- 5. Structure of the ?-NGF Precursor Encoded by ?-NGF mRNA and Gene.- 6. Knowledge Gained—and the Future.- References.- 15 Bombesin-Like Peptide Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure of Bombesin-Like Peptides.- 3. Distribution and Physiology.- 4. Molecular Biology.- 5. Summary andPerspectives.- 6. Acknowledgments.- References.- 16 Biosynthesis of Peptides in the Skin of Xenopus laevis: cDNAs Encoding Precursors of Caerulein, PGLa, Xenopsin, and Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Precursor Sequences Deduced From Cloned cDNAs.- 3. Conclusions.- References.- 17 cDNA Encoding Precursors of the Bee-Venom Peptides Melittin and Secapin.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Melittin mRNA.- 3. Sequence Analysis of the Cloned mRNA and Preprosecapin.- References.- 18 Yeast ?-Factor Genes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cloning of MF?l Using a Genetic Technique.- 3. Structure of MF?l.- 4. Cloning of MF?l and MF?2 by Hybridization.- 5. Structure of MF?2 and Comparison of MF?l and MF?2.- 6. Precursor Processing.- 7. Function of MF?1 vs MF?2.- 8. Summary.- References.