Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles
Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
978-1-4612-9042-1 (ISBN)
1 Hormones and Sexual Differentiation.- I. Introduction.- A. Sex Determination.- II. Theoretical and Conceptual Context.- A. Organization vs. Activation: Critical Periods.- B. Adult Sexual Dimorphism.- C. The Nature of the Inducer(s).- III. Differentiation of the Gonads.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- IV. Differentiation of Other Reproductive Structures.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- V. Differentiation of Behavior and the Nervous System.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians..- C. Reptiles.- VI. Temperature and Sexual Differentiation.- VII. Environmental Hermaphroditism and Social Influences on Sexual Differentiation.- A. Fishes.- VIII. Summary and Conclusions.- A. The Nature of the Inducer(s).- B. How Useful is the Organizational Theory?.- C. Relationship Between Sex Determination and Differentiation..- D. Differentiation and Epigenesis.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 2 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones in Fishes.- I. The primary Structure of Known GnRH Family Members.- A. Overview of Mammals and Birds.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians and Reptiles.- II. Characterization of New GnRH Molecules in Fishes.- A. Agnatha.- B. Chondrichthyes.- C. Osteichthyes.- 1. Nonteleosts.- 2. Teleosts.- III. Anatomical Location of GnRH in Fish Brain.- A. Agnatha.- B. Chondrichthyes.- C. Osteichthyes.- IV. Reproductive Responses to GnRH.- A. Agnatha.- 1. Gonadotropins (Gns).- 2. Steroids.- 3. Ovulation..- B. Chondrichthyes.- 1. Gonadotropins.- 2. Steroids.- 3. Ovulation.- C. Osteichthyes: Nonteleosts.- 1. Gonadotropins.- 2. Steroids.- 3. Ovulation.- D. Osteichthyes: Teleosts.- 1. Gonadotropins.- 2. Steroids.- 3. Ovulation and Spawning.- V. Summary and Future Research Directions.- A. Evolution of the GnRH Family.- B. The Primary Structure of GnRH in Other Fishes.- C. Multiple Forms of GnRH in Single Species of Fish.- D. Other Roles for GnRH in Fishes.- E. Inhibitory Effects of GnRH.- F. A Possible GnRIF.- G. The Nature of Fish GnRH Receptors..- H. The Fish GnRH Precursor(s).- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 3 Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Regulation of Gonadotropin Secretion from Amphibian and Reptilian Pituitaries.- I. Identification and Chemical Characterization of GnRH.- A. Amphibians.- 1. Changes in Endogenous GnRH.- 2. Biochemistry of GnRH.- B. Reptiles.- 1. Biochemical Characterization.- II. Regulation of Pituitary Gonadotropin Release: In vivo studies.- A. Amphibians.- B. Reptiles.- III. In vitro Characterization of Pituitary Responsiveness to GnRH.- A. Amphibians.- B. Reptiles.- IV. Mechanism of Action of GnRH.- V. Future Research Directions.- VI. Acknowledgment.- VII. References.- 4 Prolactin and Reproduction.- I. Prolactin Receptors.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- II. Effects of Prolactin on Gonads, Sexual Accessories and on Secondary Sexual Characters.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- III. Prolactin and Adaptations to the Reproductive Environment.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- IV. Prolactin and Reproductive Behavior.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- 1. Migration.- 2. Sexual Behavior.- 3. Parental Behavior.- C. Amphibians.- 1. Water Drive.- 2. Sexual Behavior.- 3. Parental Care.- D. Reptiles.- V. Summary and Future Research Directions.- VI. References.- 5 Regulation of Ovarian Steroidogenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Overview of Mammals.- III. Ovarian Morphology.- A. Cyclostomes.- B. Elasmobranchs.- C. Teleosts.- D. Amphibians.- E. Reptiles.- IV. Sites of Steroidogenesis.- A. Cyclostomes.- B. Elasmobranchs.- C. Teleosts.- D. Amphibians.- E. Reptiles.- V. Steroid Identification and Biosynthesis.- A. Cyclostomes.- B. Elasmobranchs.- C. Teleosts.- D. Amphibians.- E. Reptiles.- VI. Seasonal Profiles.- A. Cyclostomes.- B. Elasmobranchs.- C. Teleosts.- D. Amphibians.- E. Reptiles.- VII. Gonadotropic Control of Folliculogenesis and Steroidogenesis.- A. Cyclostomes.- B. Elasmobranchs.- C. Teleosts.- D. Amphibians.- E. Reptiles.- VIII. Local Control of Steroidogenesis.- IX. Summary and Future Research Directions.- X. References.- 6 Endocrinology of Vitellogenesis.- I. Introduction.- II. Vitellogenin and Vitellogenin Genes.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- III. Estrogen Stimulation of Vitellogenin Synthesis and Secretion.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- IV. Estrogen Specificity in the Induction of Vitellogenin Synthesis.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- V. Influence of Non-estrogenic Steroids on Vitellogenesis.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- VI. Influence of Non-steroidal Hormones on Vitellogenesis.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- VII. Other Non-hormonal Factors Regulating Vitellogenesis.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- VIII. Endocrine Control of Vitellogenin Uptake by Oocytes.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- IX. Summary of Future Research Directions.- X. References.- 7 Endocrine Control of Oocyte Maturation.- I. Introduction.- II. Primary Hormones Involved in Triggering Oocyte Maturation.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- III. Maturation-inducing Substances.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- IV. Maturation-promoting Factor.- A. Amphibians.- B. Others.- V. Maturation-inhibiting Substances.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- VI. Summary and Future Research Directions.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 8 Ovulation: Insights about the Mechanisms Based on a Comparative Approach.- I. Introduction.- II. General Description of the Process of Ovulation.- A. Mammals and Birds.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- III. Cellular Changes in the Follicular Wall Preceding its Rupture.- A. Mammals and Birds.- B. Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles.- IV. Gonadotropins, Steroid Hormones and Ovulation.- A. Mammals and Birds.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- V. Prostaglandins and Ovulation.- A. Mammals and Birds.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians and Reptiles.- VI. Enzymes and Ovulation.- A. Mammals and Birds.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- VII. Follicular Contraction and Ovulation.- A. Evidence for a Role of Follicular Contraction in Ovulation.- 1. Mammals and Birds.- 2. Fishes.- 3. Amphibians.- 4. Reptiles.- B. Adrenergic and Cholinergic Effects on Follicular Contraction.- 1. Mammals and Birds.- 2. Teleostean Fishes.- 3. Amphibians and Reptiles.- C. Prostaglandins and Follicular Contraction.- D. Oxytocic Hormones and Follicular Contraction.- E. Follicular Wall Tension and Follicular Contraction.- VIII. Summary and Future Research Directions.- IX. Acknowledgments.- X. References.- 9 Functional Morphology and Regulation of the Corpus Luteum.- I. Introduction.- II. Formation and Morphology of the Corpus Luteum.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- III. Hormone Production by the Corpus Luteum.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- IV. Regulation of Corpus Luteum Activity (Luteotropic Factors).- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- V. Regression of the Corpus Luteum (Luteolytic Factors).- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- VI. Summary and Future Research Directions.- VII. Acknowledgments.- VIII. References.- 10 Testicular Function.- I. Introduction.- II. Testicular Structure.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- III. The Spermatogenetic Cycle.- A. Cystic and Non-cystic Spermatogenesis.- B. Spermatogenetic Cyclicity.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- IV. Steroid Cycles.- A. Steroidogenesis.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- B. Interstitial Leydig Cells.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- C. Lobule Boundary Cells.- 1. Teleostean Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- D. Sertoli Cells.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- V. Pituitary-Testis Interrelationships.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- VI. References.- 11 Regulation of Male Gonaducts and Sex Accessory Structures.- I. Introduction.- II. Wolffian Ducts, Mesonephric Kidneys and Their Derivatives.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- III. Mullerian Duct Development in Males.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- IV. Derivatives of the Urogenital Sinus.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- D. Birds.- V. Intromittant Organs.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- D. Birds.- VI. Secondary Sexual Characters.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- VII. The “Paradoxical” Action of Androgens.- VIII. Effects of Arginine Vasotocin on Genital Ducts.- IX. Summary and Future Research Directions.- A. Wolffian Duct, Mesonephric Kidneys and Their Derivatives.- B. Mullerian duct Development in Males.- C. Derivatives of the Urogenital Sinus.- D. Secondary Sexual Characters.- E. The “Paradoxical” Action of Androgens.- X. Acknowledgments.- XI. References.- 12 Sex Steroid Receptors and Non-Receptor Binding Proteins.- I. Mechanisms of Steroid Hormone Action: An Overview.- A. Genomic Mechanisms.- B. Nongenomic Mechanisms.- II. Receptors.- A. General Characteristics.- B. Phylogenetic Distribution.- C. Major Classes of Steroid Receptors.- 1. Androgen Receptors.- 2. Estrogen Receptors.- 3. Progesterone Receptors.- D. Receptors in Different Physiological States and Their Regulation.- 1. The Liver and Vitellogenesis.- 2. Gonadal Functions.- 3. Female Reproductive Tract.- 4. Neuroendocrine Tissues.- 5. Other Tissues.- III. Non-receptor Steroid-Binding Proteins (SBPs).- A. General Characteristics.- B. Phylogenetic and Tissue Distribution.- C. Functions.- D. Natural Changes and Regulation of SBPs.- IV. Summary and Future Directions.- V. Acknowledgments.- VI. References.- 13 Seasonal Reproduction; Patterns and Control.- I. Adaptiveness of Seasonality.- A. Costs of Reproduction.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- B. Relation of Reproductive Cycles to other Seasonal Cycles.- II. Patterns of Reproduction.- A. Timing of Reproduction.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- B. Synchrony and Regularity of Reproduction.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- III. Control of Seasonal Reproduction.- A. Pre-programmed (Closed) vs. Labile (Open) Control.- B. Endogenous Cycles.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- C. Environmental Control.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- IV. Neuroendocrine Control of Reproduction.- A. Mechanisms of Endogenous Control.- B. Mechanisms of Environmental Control.- 1. Fishes.- 2. Amphibians.- 3. Reptiles.- V. Summary and Directions for Future Research.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 14 Thyroid Hormones and Reproduction.- I. Introduction.- A. Control of Thyroid Function.- B. Interpretations of Observations.- C. Thyroid Function and Reproduction in Mammals.- II. Thyroid Hormones and Gonadal Functions.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- III. Seasonal Changes in Thyroid Activity.- A. Fishes..- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- IV. Thyroid Hormones and Vitellogenesis.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- V. Gonadotropins, Gonadal Steroids and Thyroid Economy.- A. Fishes.- B. Amphibians.- C. Reptiles.- VI. Summary and Future Research Directions.- VII. Acknowledgment.- VIII. References.- 15 Pineal Involvement in Seasonality of Reproduction.- I. Introduction.- II. Pineal and Reproduction.- A. Mammalian Overview.- B. Agnathans.- C. Teleosts.- D. Amphibians.- E. Reptiles.- 1. Males..- 2. Females.- III. Summary and Directions for Future Research.- IV. Acknowledgments.- V. References.- 16 Stress and Reproduction: Reciprocal Relationships.- I. Introduction.- A. Background.- B. Definitions.- C. Stress Hormones.- II. Stress Effects on Reproductive Physiology and Behavior.- A. Overview of Mammals.- 1. Effects of Stress upon Social and Reproductive Activity.- 2. Stress Axis Effects on Gonadal Function.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- III. Effects of Reproductive Physiology and Behavior on Stress Responses.- A. Overview of Mammals.- B. Fishes.- C. Amphibians.- D. Reptiles.- IV. The Adaptive Significance of Gonadal-Adrenal Reciprocal Interactions.- V. Future Research Directions.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- 17 Regulation of Reproductive Behaviors.- I. Female Reproductive Behaviors.- A. Teleostean Fishes: Females.- 1. Sexual Attractivity.- 2. Proceptive and Receptive Behaviors.- B. Amphibians: Females.- 1. Sexual Attractivity.- 2. Proceptive and Receptive Behaviors.- C. Reptiles: Females.- 1. Sexual Attractivity.- 2. Proceptive and Receptive Behaviors.- II. Male Reproductive Behaviors.- A. Teleostean Fishes: Females.- 1. Sexual Attractivity.- 2. Proceptive and Receptive Behaviors.- B. Amphibians: Males.- 1. Sexual Attractivity.- 2. Proceptive and Receptive Behaviors.- C. Reptiles: Males.- 1. Sexual Attractivity.- 2. Proceptive and Receptive Behaviors.- III. Behavioral Activation of Endocrine System.- A. Fishes: Behavioral Activation.- B. Amphibians: Behavioral Activation.- C. Reptiles: Behavioral Activation.- IV. Summary and Future Research.- V. References.- 18 The Evolution of Viviparity in Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles: An Endocrine Approach.- I. Introduction and Terminology.- II. Viviparity in Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles.- III. Gestation Maintenance and Early Placentation.- A. Chondrichthyan Fishes.- 1. Previous Research.- 2. Future Research Needs.- B. Bony Fishes.- 1. Previous Research.- 2. Future Research Needs.- C. Amphibians.- 1. Previous Research.- 2. Future Research Needs.- D. Reptiles.- 1. Previous Research.- 2. Future Research Needs.- IV. Acknowledgments.- V. References.- 19 Aging of the Neuroendocrine System.- I. Introduction.- A. Background.- B. The Platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus; Poeciliidae): A Model to Study Aging.- II. Brain.- A. Birth to Sexual Maturity.- 1. Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH).- B. Maturity to Senescence (8 to 30 months).- 1. GnRH in NOR.- 2. GnRH in NPP.- 3. GnRH in NLT.- 4. Serotonin (5HT).- 5. Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH).- III. Pituitary Gland.- A. Birth to Sexual Maturity.- 1. Gn and GnRH.- B. Maturity to Senescence..- 1. Gn and GnRH: Ventral CPD.- 2. Gn and GnRH: Pars Intermedia.- 3. Serotonin.- 4. Tyrosine Hydroxylase.- IV. Gonads.- A. Birth to Sexual Maturity.- 1. Testis.- 2. Ovary.- B. Maturity to Senescence.- 1. Testis.- 2. Ovary.- V. Synthesis, Summary and Suggestions for Future Research Directions.- VI. Acknowledgments.- VII. References.- Contributors.- Species Index.
Zusatzinfo | XXV, 613 p. |
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Verlagsort | New York, NY |
Sprache | englisch |
Maße | 178 x 254 mm |
Gewicht | 1200 g |
Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber ► Natur / Technik ► Garten |
Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Evolution | |
Naturwissenschaften ► Biologie ► Genetik / Molekularbiologie | |
ISBN-10 | 1-4612-9042-2 / 1461290422 |
ISBN-13 | 978-1-4612-9042-1 / 9781461290421 |
Zustand | Neuware |
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