Laboratory animals in vaccine production and control

1: Introduction..- 2: Animal Experimentation and the Development of Vaccines: A Brief Historical Outline.- 1. The Ancient World.- 2. The 19Th Century.- 3. The 20th Century.- 4. References.- 3: The Historical Role of Animal Experiments in the Development of Diphtheria Prophylaxis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Clinico-Pathological Research.- 3. Diphtheria Prophylaxis.- 4. Quality Control.- 5. Recent Developments.- 6. References.- 4: Vaccine Development and Production.- 1. Development.- 2. Production.- 3. Vaccine Production in the Netherlands.- 4. Quality Control.- 5. Guidelines.- 6. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).- 7. References.- 5: Experimental Animals and Animal Experiments..- 1. Extent of the Research.- 2. Purpose of the Research.- 3. Relevance of the Tests.- 4. Distress.- 5. References.- 6: Animal Experimentation and its Shortcomings.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Limitations of Animal Experimentation.- 3. References.- 7: Alternatives to and in Animal Experimentation.- 1. Definition.- 2. History.- 3. Possibilities.- 4. Approach.- 5. References.- 8: Opportunities for Replacement, Reduction or Refinement: Human Bacterial Vaccines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bcg Vaccine.- 3. Cholera Vaccine.- 4. Diphtheria Vaccine.- 5. Pertussis Vaccine.- 6. Tetanus Vaccine.- 7. Typhoid Vaccine.- 8. Summary.- 9. References.- 9: Opportunities for Replacement, Reduction and Refinement: Human Viral Vaccines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tests for Extraneous Microorganisms.- 3. Mumps Vaccine.- 4. Hepatitis B Vaccine.- 5. Influenza Vaccine.- 6. Measles Vaccine.- 7. Poliomyelitis Vaccine.- 8. Rabies Vaccine.- 9. Rubella Vaccine.- 10. Summary.- 11. References.- 10: Opportunities for Replacement, Reduction or Refinement: Poultry Vaccines.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Live, Attenuated Poultry Vaccines.- 3. Inactivated PoultryVaccines.- 4. Summary.- 5. References.- 11: Opportunities for Replacement, Reduction or Refinement: Veterinary Vaccines For Mammals..- 1. Introduction.- 2. Safety Evaluation (general).- 3. Vaccines for Dogs.- 4. Vaccines for Horses.- 5. Vaccines for Cattle.- 6. Vaccines for Pigs.- 7. Summary.- 8. References.- 12: Replacement, Reduction or Refinement: An Indirect Approach.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Harmonizing the Guidelines.- 3. Reviewing the Need for Re-Testing by the National Control Authorities.- 4. Combining Several Tests.- 5. Using Inbred Animal Strains.- 6. Increasing the Size of Vaccine Batches.- 7. Relaxing The Body Weight Specifications.- 8. Re-Using Animals.- 9. Using Specific Pathogen-Free (Spf) Animals.- 10. Reducing or Suppressing Pain.- 11. References.- 13: Future Prospects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vaccine Production.- 3. Vaccine Control.- 4. References.- 14: Final Comments and Recommendations.