Acute Phase Proteins in the Acute Phase Response

1 Interleukin-1 in the Acute Phase Response.- The Acute Phase Response.- Structure of IL-1.- Synthesis and Regulation of IL-1.- IL-1 Receptor.- Pleotropic Actions of IL-1.- IL-1 and Acute Phase Reactions.- IL-1 and Other Cytokines.- In Vivo Action of IL-1.- Summary.- 2 Regulation of Human SAA Gene Expression by Cytokines.- In Vitro Expression of Human SAA.- Cis-acting Sequences Responsible for PMA Induction of SAA.- Cytokine Control of SAA Expression.- 3 Transcriptional Regulation of Acute Phase Response Genes with Emphasis on the Human C-reactive Protein Gene.- The Physiological Role of the Acute Phase Response.- Systems for the Study of the Acute Phase Response.- Monokines Responsible for the Modulation of Liver-specific Gene Expression.- Transcriptional Regulation — the Mechanism.- Conclusions and Perspectives.- 4 Organization, Structure and Expression of Pentraxin Genes.- The Structure of Pentraxin Proteins.- The Structure of Pentraxin Genes.- Elements Responding to Cytokines.- Genetics.- 5 ApoSSA: Structure, Tissue Expression and Possible Functions.- SAA is an Apolipoprotein.- Where are SAAs Made and Where do They go?.- 6 Regulation of Biosynthesis and Secretion of Human C-reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid A.- Regulation of Biosynthesis.- Heterogeneity in the Acute Phase Response.- Regulation of CRP Secretion.- CRP is Specifically Retained Within the Endoplasmic Reticulum.- Conclusions.- 7 Molecular Regulation of the Acute Phase Complement Proteins.- Factor B.- The Second Component, C2.- Constitutive Expression of Factor B and C2.- Regulated Gene Expression.- Interleukin-1 and Interferon-?.- Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin-6.- Summary.- 8 Biosynthesis of Acute Phase Proteins by the Liver Cells.- Role of Hepatocytes in the In Vivo Biosynthesis of APR.-Role of Sinusoidal Cells in the In Vivo Biosynthesis of APR.- Summary.- 9 The Plasma Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins): Structural Modifications in Inflammation.- The Serpins.- Antitrypsin.- The Reactive Centre.- The SR Conformational Change.- Other Structural Modifications in Inflammation.- Conclusions.- 10 The Three Dimensional Structure of SAP.- 11 Structure, Metabolism and Function of Acute Phase High Density Lipoprotein.- Apo-SAA in Plasma.- Structure of Apo-SAA.- Structure of Acute Phase HDL.- Metabolic Function of Normal HDL.- Synthesis of Apo-SAA.- Plasma Clearance of Apo-SAA.- Cellular Association and Degradation of Apo-SAA.- Functions of Apo-SAA.- Concluding Remarks.- 12 Clinical Measurement of Acute Phase Proteins to Detect and Monitor Infectious Diseases.- Microbial Growth and AP Protein Response.- Monitoring Disease Activity Using AP Protein Response.- Immunomodulation and AP Protein Response.- 13 C-reactive Protein: Clinical Aspects.- The Acute Phase Proteins.- The Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate as an Indirect Indicator for the Acute Phase Reaction.- C-reactive Protein as a Direct Indicator of the Acute Phase Reaction.- Conclusion.- 14 Pathogenesis of AA Amyloidosis.- Definition and Classification of Amyloidosis.- Serum and Tissue Amyloid A Proteins.- Structure of SAA and AA.- Formation and Deposition of AA Amyloid.- Summary of Some Current Hypotheses Regarding AA Amyloid Formation.- 15 Serum Amyloid P Component: A Specific Molecular Targeting Vehicle in Amyloidosis.- Serum Amyloid P Component.- SAP and Amyloidosis.- Scintigraphic Imaging of Amyloid Deposits In Vivo.- Radiolabeled SAP Studies in Man.- Conclusions.