European Migration Law

SERIES PREFACE AUTHORS' PREFACE SUMMARY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CONVERSION TABLE EC TREATY . TREATY ON THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION PART I. INTRODUCTION 1.1. STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 1.1.1. Introductory Remarks 1.1.2. Voluntary and Forced Migration 1.1.3. Structure of the Book 1.2. EUROPEAN MIGRATION: A BRIEF HISTORIC SURVEY 1.2.1. A Concise History of European Migration 1.2.2. The Formation of European Migration Law 1.3. BASIC CONCEPTS OF MIGRATION LAW 1.3.1. What is Migration? 1.3.2. State, Territory and Borders 1.3.3. Nationality 1.3.4. Statelessness 1.3.5. State Sovereignty and Immigration Control 1.3.6. The Position of Individuals Under International Law 1.3.7. Jurisdiction and Extraterritorial State Responsibility 1.3.8. Discrimination and Distinction According to Nationality in Migration Law 1.4. THE MULTILEVEL STRUCTURE OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION LAW 1.4.1. Sources of European Migration Law 1.4.2. The Relation Between National Law and Human Rights Treaties 1.4.3. The Relation Between National Law and European Community Law - EU Law After Lisbon 1.5. EU CITIZENS AND THIRD COUNTRY NATIONALS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOVEMENT OF PERSONS IN THE EU 1.5.1. Movement of Persons in the EU: An Ongoing Development with Ups and Downs 1.5.2. Free Movement of the Market Citizen 1.5.3. Intergovernmental Cooperation Relating to Immigrants from Third Countries: Schengen and Dublin 1.5.4. The Treaties of Maastricht and Amsterdam 1.5.5. EU Citizens and Third Country Nationals: Refining the Distinction 1.5.6. The Treaty of Lisbon PART II. VOLUNTARY MIGRATION 2.1. FREE MOVEMENT OF EU CITIZENS AND MEMBERS OF THEIR FAMILY 2.1.1. Introduction 2.1.2. Right of Residence Under Directive 2004/38 2.1.3. Family Members 2.1.4. Equal Treatment 2.1.5. Administrative Formalities 2.1.6. Termination of Residence 2.1.7. Expulsion 2.1.8. Exclusion 2.1.9. Procedural Safeguards 2.1.10. Abuse of Rights 2.1.11. Development of Free Movement Rights in the Case Law of the ECJ 2.1.12. General Approach of the ECJ 2.1.13. Free Movement of Workers 2.1.14. Freedom of Establishment 2.1.15. Freedom to Provide and Receive Services 2.1.16. Posting of Workers Directive and Services Directive 2.1.17. Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality 2.1.18. Rights of Family Members 2.1.19. Strictly Internal Situations 2.1.20. The 'Akrich' Enigma: A Historic Discussion on Lawful Residence as an Alleged Precondition 2.1.21. A General Right for Union Citizens to Move and Reside Freely Within the Territory of the Member States. 2.1.22. Right to Social Assistance as a Corollary of Article 18 TEC 2.1.23. Some Conclusions on the Impact of Article 18 TEC 2.1.24. Residence Rights of Students 2.1.25. Final Remarks 2.2. RESIDENCE RIGHTS OF TURKISH NATIONALS UNDER THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT. 2.2.1. Introduction 2.2.2. Migration Aspects of Association and Cooperation Treaties 2.2.3. The European Economic Area and the Association with Switzerland 2.2.4. Cooperation with Mediterranean Countries 2.2.5. Europe Agreements. 2.2.6. The Association Treaty with Turkey - An Outline 2.2.7. Gradual Access of Turkish Workers to the Labour Market 2.2.8. 'Worker' 2.2.9. 'Being Duly Registered as Belonging to the Labour Force' 2.2.10. 'Legal Employment' 2.2.11. Termination of the Residence Right of a Worker 2.2.12. Ceasing to Belong to the Labour Force 2.2.13. Exceptions of Public Policy, Public Security and Public Health 2.2.14. Rights of Family Members 2.2.15. Independent Rights to Residence for Family Members 2.2.16. Period of Legal Residence with a Turkish Worker 2.2.17. Vocational Training 2.2.18. Termination of Residence Rights of Family Members 2.2.19. Self-Employed Turkish Nationals 2.2.20. Final remarks 2.3. FREE MOVEMENT OF THIRD COUNTRY NATIONALS UNDER EU LAW AND THE ECHR 2.3.1. Introduction 2.3.2. Characteristics of Freedom of Movement 2.3.3. Freedom of Movement Under the ECHR 2.3.4. Freedom to Leave One's Country 2.3.5. Freedom to Enter One's Own Country and to Remain There 2.3.6. Liberty of Movement Within the Territory 2.3.7. Freedom to Enter a Foreign Country and to Remain There 2.3.8. Freedom of Movement Under the ECHR: Concluding Remarks 2.3.9. Freedom of Movement of Third Country Nationals Under the EC Treaty - Internal and External Movement 2.3.10. Internal Free Movement of Third Country Nationals 2.3.11. External Free Movement of Third Country Nationals 2.3.12. Free Movement of Third Country Nationals: Summary 2.4. FAMILY REUNIFICATION AND PROTECTION OF SETTLED MIGRANTS UNDER ARTICLE 8 ECHR 2.4.1. Introduction 2.4.2. Other Relevant Human Rights Sources 2.4.3. Respect for Family Life Under Article 8 ECHR - Positive and Negative Obligations 2.4.4. Family Life 2.4.5. Private Life 2.4.6. Interferences and Justifications 2.4.7. Termination of Lawful Residence After Divorce or Separation when a Child Is Involved 2.4.8. Termination of Lawful Residence on Grounds of Public Order 2.4.9. State Obligations to Accept New Immigrants to Reside for Reasons of Family Life 2.4.10. Is There a Nationality-Linked Right to Live with One's Family in One's Own Country? 2.4.11. Sufficient Means of Subsistence 2.4.12. Article 8 ECHR: Concluding Remarks 2.4.13. Family Life According to the ICCPR 2.4.14. The Convention on the Rights of the Child 2.4.15. The Best Interests of the Child 2.4.16. Family Reunification Under the CRC 2.4.17. Conclusion 2.5. THE FAMILY REUNIFICATION DIRECTIVE 2.5.1. Introduction 2.5.2. History 2.5.3. Scope and Definitions 2.5.4. The Impact of General Principles of Community Law According to the Court of Justice 2.5.5. The Sponsor 2.5.6. Optional Conditions Relating to the Sponsor 2.5.7. Family Members Eligible for Family Reunification 2.5.8. Optional Derogations Relating to Children 2.5.9. Optional Categories of Eligible Family Members 2.5.10. Conditions for the Exercise of the Right to Family Reunification 2.5.11. Public Policy, Public Security and Public Health 2.5.12. Housing, Health Insurance, Means of Subsistence 2.5.13. Integration Measures 2.5.14. Grounds for Refusal, Non-Extension and Withdrawal 2.5.15. Submission and Examination of the Application 2.5.16. Access to Work and Education 2.5.17. Autonomous Right of Residence 2.5.18. Family Reunification of Refugees 2.5.19. Final Remarks 2.6. THE DIRECTIVE ON LONG-TERM RESIDENTS 2.6.1. Introduction 2.6.2. History 2.6.3. Scope 2.6.4. Requirements for Long-Term Resident Status in the First Member State 2.6.5. Equal Treatment in the First Member State 2.6.6. Protection Against Expulsion in the First Member State: Questions on the Nature of the LTR Status 2.6.7. Withdrawal and Loss of the Status in the First Member State 2.6.8. Residence Rights in Other Member States 2.6.9. Requirements for Residence in the Other Member State 2.6.10. Protection Against Expulsion for Reasons of Public Order and Security in the Other Member State 2.6.11. Withdrawal and Loss of Residence Permit in the Other Member State 2.6.12. Family Members 2.6.13. The Rights of the Long-Term Resident Under the Directive Put in Perspective 2.6.14. Conclusion 2.7. WORKERS, STUDENTS AND RESEARCHERS FROM THIRD COUNTRIES 2.7.1. Introduction 2.7.2. Harmonising Labour Migration Law: A History of Attempts 2.7.3. The Blue Card Directive 2009/50 2.7.4. Conditions, Procedure for Blue Card Applicants. 2.7.5. Rights of Blue Card Holders 2.7.6. Family Members of Blue Card Holders 2.7.7. The Employers' Sanctions Directive 2009/52 2.7.8. The Researchers Directive 2005/71 2.7.9. Rights of Researchers Apart from the Right to Residence 2.7.10. The Students Directive 2004/114 2.7.11. Mobility and Economic Activity of Students 2.7.12. Final Remarks PART III. FORCED MIGRATION 3.1. INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE PROTECTION 3.1.1. Asylum in International Law 3.1.2. Refugee Protection by UNHCR 3.1.3. Protection as a Refugee in Accordance with the Refugee Convention. 3.1.4. Sources for Interpreting the Refugee Convention 3.1.5. Structure and Content of the Refugee Convention 3.1.6. The Definition of a Refugee, Declaratory Character of Recognition 3.1.7. Well-Founded Fear 3.1.8. Individualisation and a Prima Facie Claim for Protection. 3.1.9. Refugee 'Sur Place' 3.1.10. Persecution 3.1.11. Actors of Persecution 3.1.12. Reasons for Persecution 3.1.13. Nexus Between Persecution and the Persecution Reasons 3.1.14. Being Unable or Unwilling to Avail of State Protection 3.1.15. Prosecution Amounting to Persecution 3.1.16. Sexual Violence and Female Genital Mutilation 3.1.17. Exclusion from Refugee Protection Under Article 1F 3.1.18. Serious Reasons for Considering 3.1.19. Article 1F(a) Crimes Against Peace, War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity 3.1.20. Article 1F(b): Serious Non-Political Crimes 3.1.21. Article 1F (c): Acts Contrary to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations 3.1.22. Individual Responsibility of the Excluded Person 3.1.23. Grounds for Rejecting Individual Responsibility for Excludable Acts 3.1.24. Proportionality Considerations in Applying Exclusion 3.1.25. Protection Against Refoulement Under the Refugee Convention 3.1.26. Concluding Remarks 3.2. ASYLUM PROTECTION UNDER THE ECHR 3.2.1. Introduction 3.2.2. The Role of the European Court of Human Rights in Securing Protection Under Article 3 ECHR 3.2.3. The Prohibition of Refoulement Under Article 3 ECHR 3.2.4. Risk Assessment, Special Distinguishing Features, Situations of General Violence 3.2.5. Internal Protection Alternative 3.2.6. Diplomatic Assurances to Guarantee Safety 3.2.7. Assessing the Facts 3.2.8. Concluding Remarks 3.3. THE COMMON EU ASYLUM SYSTEM 3.3.1. Introduction 3.3.2. Towards Harmonisation of Asylum Policies 3.3.3. The Legal Basis of the Common European Asylum System 3.3.4. Personal Scope 3.3.5. Secondary Asylum Legislation Adopted so Far 3.3.6. The Interrelated Character of the Regulation and the Directives 3.3.7. Dublin Regulation 3.3.8. The Sovereignty Clause and the Humanitarian Clause. 3.3.9. The Obligation to Be a Safe State 3.3.10. Procedural and Administrative Principles: Taking Charge and Taking Back 3.3.11. Eurodac: Fingerprints for Dublin 3.3.12. Notes on the Dublin System 3.3.13. Reception Conditions Directive 3.3.14. Minimum Reception Standards of the Reception Conditions Directive 3.3.15. Reduction and Withdrawal of Reception Conditions 3.3.16. Notes on the Reception Conditions Directive 3.3.17. Qualification Directive 3.3.18. Qualification of Persons as 'Refugees' or as 'Persons Eligible for Subsidiary Protection': Common Provisions 3.3.19. Refugee Status 3.3.20. Subsidiary Protection Status 3.3.21. Content of Protection Under the Qualification Directive: Rights and Benefits Attached to Status of 'Refugee' and 'Beneficiary of Subsidiary Protection' 3.3.22. Notes on the Qualification Directive 3.3.23. The Procedures Directive 3.3.24. Procedural Standards of the Procedures Directive 3.3.25. Normal and Special Procedures 3.3.26. Accelerated Procedures 3.3.27. Inadmissible Applications - Countries of First Asylum and Safe Third Countries 3.3.28. Unfounded Applications - Safe Countries of Origin 3.3.29. Special Procedures: Border Procedures, Subsequent Applications and European Safe Third Countries 3.3.30. Withdrawal and Appeals Procedures. 3.3.31. Notes on the Procedures Directive 3.3.32. The Temporary Protection Directive 3.3.33. Notes on the Temporary Protection Directive 3.3.34. Financial Burden-Sharing Between Member States 3.3.35. Concluding Remarks 3.4. VICTIMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING 3.4.1. Introduction 3.4.2. International Protection of Victims of Trafficking 3.4.3. Rights of Residence Under Directive 2004/81 3.4.4. Treatment of Victims Under Directive 2004/81 3.4.5. Final Remarks PART IV. IMMIGRATION CONTROL 4.1. LIMITS OF CONTROLLING POWERS OF STATES UNDER THE ECHR 4.1.1. Introduction 4.1.2. Prohibition of Expulsion and Deportation 4.1.3. Good Administration in Cases of Expulsion and Deportation 4.1.4. Effective Remedies in Cases of Expulsion and Deportation . 4.1.5. Prohibition of Deprivation of Liberty 4.1.6. Good Administration in Cases of Deprivation of Liberty 4.1.7. Effective Remedies in Cases of Deprivation of Liberty 4.1.8. Prohibitions Relating to Exclusion Orders 4.1.9. Good Administration Relating to Exclusion Orders 4.1.10. Effective Remedies Relating to Exclusion Orders 4.1.11. Prohibitions of Data Storage and Data Exchange 4.1.12. Good Administration Relating to Data Storage and Data Exchange 4.1.13. Effective Remedies Relating to Data Storage and Data Exchange 4.1.14. Final Remarks 4.2. EXTERNAL BORDER CONTROLS, EXPULSION MEASURES AND VISAS UNDER EU LAW 4.2.1. Introduction 4.2.2. History 4.2.3. Structure of the Chapter 4.2.4. Entry: The Schengen Borders Code 4.2.5. Entry Conditions Under the SBC 4.2.6. Entry: Procedural Guarantees Under the SBC 4.2.7. Visas: Short-Term and Long-Term Visas 4.2.8. Visas: The Schengen Visa 4.2.9. Conditions for Obtaining a Schengen Visa 4.2.10. Visas: Short-Term Stay 4.2.11. Return and Removal: The Returns Directive 4.2.12. Voluntary Return and Removal 4.2.13. Detention: The Returns Directive 4.2.14. Detention Conditions Under the Returns Directive 4.2.15. Detention: Unforeseen Situations 4.2.16. Exclusion: Listing in the SIS, Entry Ban Under the Returns Directive and Other Exclusion Measures 4.2.17. Conditions for Entering an Alert in the SIS II and for Issuing an Entry Ban Under the Returns Directive 4.2.18. Good Administration and Remedies Concerning Return and Entry Ban Decisions Under the Returns Directive 4.2.19. Data Storage 4.2.20. Operational Cooperation 4.2.21. Concluding Remarks PART V. CONCLUDING REMARKS BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF CASES INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHORS