This book provides comprehensive coverage of the features, technology and principles of RAC that is part of the Oracle9i release of Oracle's RDBMS product. It is divided into three main parts: application/database design, development and maintenance life cycles.
Compared to its predecessor OPS, the architecture behind RAC implementation have changed significantly. Vallath discusses Oracle9i features in a RAC implementation with respect to usage and design considerations, as well as those parameters that are and are not applicable. Areas covered include partitioning, indexes, tablespace management, transaction management, backup and recovery principles. Performance tuning with examples, troubleshooting and problem solving scenarios are covered in detail, as well as discussions on the migration process from a single instance database to RAC and migration from an OPS implementation to RAC.
Oracle Real Application Clusters takes readers through a logical flow from RAC concepts to operations, covering each facet with a fine-tooth comb. Vallath's skilled writing style makes each chapter entertaining and informative as only a true RAC connoisseur can provide. New and experienced users of RAC, as well as those seeking to expand their knowledge of this dynamic technology, will find this book to be a necessity for both home and office reference libraries.
*Focuses on implementing, testing and tuning features of Real Application Clusters (RAC)
*Provides extensive coverage of usage, day-to-day functions and operations
*Includes tips and techniques such as script samples to illustrate various features of RAC
*Unravels the internals of RAC architecture
Clustered configuration first hit the scene nearly 20 years ago when Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduced the VaxCluster. Until now, the topic of Real Application Clusters (RAC) implementation had never been fully explored. For the first time, Murali Vallath dissects RAC mysteries in his book Oracle Real Application Clusters to enlighten and educate readers on the internals of RAC operations, cache fusion, fusion recovery processes and the fast reconfiguration of RAC.This book provides comprehensive coverage of the features, technology and principles of RAC that is part of the Oracle9i release of Oracle's RDBMS product. It is divided into three main parts: application/database design, development and maintenance life cycles. Compared to its predecessor OPS, the architecture behind RAC implementation have changed significantly. Vallath discusses Oracle9i features in a RAC implementation with respect to usage and design considerations, as well as those parameters that are and are not applicable. Areas covered include partitioning, indexes, tablespace management, transaction management, backup and recovery principles. Performance tuning with examples, troubleshooting and problem solving scenarios are covered in detail, as well as discussions on the migration process from a single instance database to RAC and migration from an OPS implementation to RAC.Oracle Real Application Clusters takes readers through a logical flow from RAC concepts to operations, covering each facet with a fine-tooth comb. Vallath's skilled writing style makes each chapter entertaining and informative as only a true RAC connoisseur can provide. New and experienced users of RAC, as well as those seeking to expand their knowledge of this dynamic technology, will find this book to be a necessity for both home and office reference libraries.*Focuses on implementing, testing and tuning features of Real Application Clusters (RAC)*Provides extensive coverage of usage, day-to-day functions and operations*Includes tips and techniques such as script samples to illustrate various features of RAC*Unravels the internals of RAC architecture
Cover 1
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Preface 14
Acknowledgments 20
Part I: Concepts 24
Chapter 1. Requirement Analysis 26
1.1 Introduction 26
1.2 Modern business requirements 27
1.3 Conclusion 37
Chapter 2. Hardware Concepts 40
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Uniprocessor model 41
2.3 Multiprocessor model 42
2.4 Clustered systems 46
2.5 Clustered configuration 59
2.6 How clusters work 70
2.7 Disk configuration 73
2.8 Storage system architectures 79
2.9 Disk allocation 82
2.10 Conclusion 84
Chapter 3. Oracle Database Concepts 86
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Oracle components 87
3.3 Oracle data storage 114
3.4 Optimizer 130
3.5 Dynamic components 131
3.6 Changes between OPS and RAC 136
3.7 Conclusion 141
Part II: Architecture 142
Chapter 4. Real Application Cluster Architecture 144
4.1 Introduction 144
4.2 RAC architecture 144
4.3 Clustering Linux systems 147
4.4 Background processes in RAC 147
4.5 Cache fusion 151
4.6 Global resource directory 156
4.7 Lock structure 159
4.8 Global cache management 160
4.9 Mastering of resources 162
4.10 Failover 165
4.11 Recovery 167
4.12 Database files in RAC 170
4.13 Maintaining read consistency in RAC 173
4.14 Conclusion 184
Chapter 5. Transaction Management 186
5.1 Introduction 186
5.2 ACID property of transactional requirements 187
5.3 Single instance transaction behavior 189
5.4 Multi-instance transaction behavior 205
5.5 Conclusion 227
Chapter 6. Parallel Processing 228
6.1 Introduction 228
6.2 What is parallel processing? 229
6.3 Why parallel processing? 230
6.4 Oracle and parallel processing 232
6.5 Parallel query architecture 233
6.6 Parallel processing in RAC 242
6.7 Parallel load operations 246
6.8 Parallel recovery 249
6.9 Troubleshooting parallel processing 250
6.10 Tuning the parallel query 252
6.11 Conclusion 253
Chapter 7. Designing Databases for RAC 256
7.1 Introduction 256
7.2 Database design practices 258
7.3 Tablespace management 260
7.4 Selecting the right indexing method 264
7.5 Hash Clusters 275
7.6 Partitioning 277
7.7 Sequence number 298
7.8 Features for data warehouse design 300
7.9 Conclusion 303
Chapter 8. Installation and Configuration 306
8.1 Introduction 306
8.2 Optimal Flexible Architecture (OFA) 307
8.3 Installation 310
8.4 Database creation 329
8.5 Database configuration 339
8.6 Database administration 350
8.7 Adding nodes in RAC 353
8.8 Conclusion 354
Chapter 9. Parameters and Views 356
9.1 Introduction 356
9.2 Types of views 357
9.3 Parameters 400
9.4 Conclusion 408
Part III: Operations 410
Chapter 10. Availability and Scalability 412
10.1 Introduction 412
10.2 Availability 417
10.3 Scalability 455
10.4 Maximum availability architecture 458
10.5 Conclusion 459
Chapter 11. Migrating to RAC 462
11.1 Introduction 462
11.2 Analysis process 463
11.3 Cost-benefit analysis 465
11.4 Preparation phase 466
11.5 Capacity planning 467
11.6 Oracle single instance vs. clustered configuration 473
11.7 Migrating from a single instance to RAC 474
11.8 Conclusion 478
Chapter 12. Backup and Recovery 480
12.1 Introduction 480
12.2 Backup 481
12.3 Backup and recovery strategy 494
12.4 Redo internals 494
12.5 Failure and recovery 502
12.6 Flashback queries 529
12.7 Oracle LogMiner 531
12.8 Conclusion 536
Chapter 13. Performance Tuning: Tools and Utilities 538
13.1 Introduction 538
13.2 UTLBSTAT/UTLESTAT 539
13.3 STATSPACK 540
13.4 Oracle Enterprise Manager 557
13.5 EXPLAIN PLAN 569
13.6 SQL Trace 571
13.7 Oracle event interface 573
13.8 Oracle’s Wait interface 582
13.9 Conclusion 592
Chapter 14. Tuning a Single Instance 594
14.1 Introduction 594
14.2 Methodology 595
14.3 Application tuning 599
14.4 Instance tuning 609
14.5 Database tuning 629
14.6 Operating system tuning 638
14.7 Conclusion 649
Chapter 15. Performance Tuning: Cluster 652
15.1 Introduction 652
15.2 Storage subsystem 653
15.3 Cluster interconnect 656
15.4 Cluster instance tuning 662
15.5 Workload characteristics 667
15.6 Statistics affecting RAC 670
15.7 Monitoring Cache Transfers 676
15.8 Conclusion 682
Chapter 16. Problem Diagnosis 684
16.1 Introduction 684
16.2 RAC diagnostics 685
16.3 ORADEBUG utility 691
16.4 Critical ORA errors 694
16.5 Remote Diagnostic Agent (RDA) 701
16.6 Conclusion 702
Chapter 17. RAC Implementations 704
17.1 Introduction 704
17.2 Linux 704
17.3 Windows 721
17.4 Conclusion 740
Part IV: Appendices 742
Appendix 1: Utilities 744
A1.1 GSDCTL: Global service daemon control 744
A1.2 SRVCTL: Server control 744
A1.3 ORADEBUG: Oracle debugger 750
Appendix 2: Scripts 754
A2.1 Database creation scripts 754
A2.2 Initialization parameter file 757
A2.3 Oracle Net files 760
A2.4 Capture session statistics 761
Appendix 3: References 766
Appendix 4: Work Plan 768
A4.1 Introduction 768
A4.2 Certification matrix 768
A4.3 Work plan RAC migration checklist 769
About the Author 774
Index 776
Preface
Clustering technology has been around for a long time. It was in the early 1980s that Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) first introduced the clustered configuration called the VAXCluster. Around the same period, I started my computer career working on the PDP-11 systems, also from DEC. PDP-11s were the first platforms that were used by Oracle Corporation to develop the first relational database in 1978, when Oracle released Version 1 of the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) product. This commercial relational database entered the market nearly 8 years after Dr. E.F. Codd first introduced the relational database model in June 1970 through his white paper entitled, “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks” (published at IBM, San Jose, USA).
After the initial set of VAXClusters entered the market in the early 1980s, DEC introduced a relational database called Rdb.1 This database used the VAXClusters as their primary platform, thus becoming the first commercial clustered relational database. It was during the late 1980s that I started my career in the relational database world with Rdb on VAXClusters as my first venture into the clustered arena. In 1986, Oracle also introduced the first clustered database solution called Oracle Parallel Server (OPS) with Version 5. In spite of OPS supporting a clustered environment, it did not take advantage of the clustering technology that was available, for example in VAXClusters, namely communicating via the cluster interconnect. This caused a serious performance issue, until Version 9.0 when Oracle, after inheriting some of the clustered database knowledge from Rdb and the technology from Compaq (HP recently acquired Compaq, who had previously acquired DEC), introduced Real Application Clusters (RAC).
All of this experience from VAXClusters to Rdb to OPS to RAC created this motivation to share the knowledge in the form of this book.
About this book
Compared to its predecessor (OPS), the architecture behind the RAC implementation has changed significantly. The book will discuss in detail subjects that I have never seen discussed elsewhere, for example the internals of RAC operations, cache fusion, fusion recovery, fast reconfiguration of RAC, etc.
Areas such as partitioning, types of indexes, tablespace management, transaction management, backup and recovery principles, and internals of the recovery operation have been covered extensively in this book. What good is a book on RAC that does not provide discussions on tuning? In my view, the coverage of extensive tuning, in over three chapters, starting with tools and utilities such as SQL Trace, STATSPACK, and Oracle Event and Wait interfaces, covering single instance tuning followed by cluster tuning, including tuning the cluster interconnect and cache transfer, makes this book unique.
Throughout the book, examples are provided with file dumps, followed by discussions and analysis of problem solving. The book also provides discussions on migrating to a RAC environment.
Oracle Real Application Clusters provides comprehensive coverage of the features, technology, and principles of Oracle’s RAC product, which is part of the Oracle 9i release of their RDBMS product. This book is divided into four main parts (Concepts, Architecture, Operations, and Appendices) covering various areas of the application/database design, development, and maintenance life cycles. Starting with the fundamentals, an introduction to the concepts of the various hardware architectures and the clustering technology available, the book discusses the pros and cons, leading into discussion of the RAC technology. After the formal introduction of the concepts of clustering and configurations, the book discusses the various theories of asynchronous (parallel) and synchronous processing and how they could be applied to the database tier of the enterprise architecture.
How to use this book
The chapters are written to follow one another in a logical fashion by introducing topics in the earlier chapters and building on the technology. Thus it is advised that you read the chapters in order. Even if you have worked with clustered databases, you will certainly find a nugget or two that may be new to you. For the experienced reader, the book also highlights wherever applicable the new features introduced in Oracle 9i, Oracle 9i Release 2, and Oracle 10g. The book’s four parts are outlined below.
Part I: Concepts
Information in this part is to get the reader’s feet wet. This part contains three chapters.
■ Chapter 1: Provides an overview of the modern business requirements and the criticality of these requirements in today’s Internet-based business.
■ Chapter 2: Focuses on the hardware concepts, the various types of hardware technologies such as SMP, MPP, NUMA, and the clustered SMP. The chapter also discusses the various components, such as the cluster interconnect technology and the storage systems, including various types of RAID technology.
■ Chapter 3: Discusses the basic Oracle concepts, starting with what an instance is, then covering the various background and foreground processes, including the various types of files and tablespaces that Oracle supports and uses. Data block dump analysis and data block structure, including transaction layers, are discussed.
Part II: Architecture
Once the reader’s feet are wet with regard to the concepts, the second part steps into the clustered database technology starting with the RAC architecture in Chapter 4. This part contains six chapters.
■ Chapter 4: Takes an in-depth look into the RAC architecture, the various additional background and foreground processes required by RAC, their functions, and how they work together in clustered database architecture. The role of the GCS, GES, and GRD is covered a great detail.
■ Chapter 5: Discusses the transaction management principles in general, the transaction management in a single instance configuration, and the transaction management in a RAC environment. This chapter discusses, using scenarios, the architecture behind this configuration, how the sharing of data occurs between nodes, and the sharing of data when the cluster has more than two nodes. Through examples, this chapter will explain how cache fusion helps the lock activity between the shared rows, the various lock levels, and how locks are handled, based on requests received from processes on various nodes participating in the cluster. It details the discussions concerning the cache fusion behavior in a transaction; various scenarios of clustered transaction management include the various states of GCS operation such as the PI and XI states of a block.
■ Chapter 6: Discusses the concepts of parallel processing. The advantages of using parallel processing and the appropriate usage of this feature in today’s business computing. Concepts such as working of parallel processing, parallel processing configuration scenarios, problems encountered in using parallel processing, tuning statements for parallel processing, and advantages of using parallel processing are also addressed.
■ Chapter 7: Discusses the various features of the Oracle product and the technology to be considered in designing databases for the RAC environment. The chapter discusses various types of indexes, data partitioning and materialized views, and the advantages and positive effect of the technology for a RAC environment.
■ Chapter 8: Covers the various installation and configuration steps required for RAC implementation. The chapter covers both the DBCA utility for database creation and the manual method, including configuration of the GSD, SRVCONFIG, and SRVCTL utilities, and listener configuration.
■ Chapter 9: Illustrates, lists, and describes the various RAC-related data dictionary views and parameters.
Part III: Operations
After a complete understanding of the architecture, the next step is to understand its operations, taking a step deeper and getting to the bottom of things. This part contains eight chapters.
■ Chapter 10: Describes the availability and scalability features of RAC, including transparent application failover, Oracle Real Application Cluster Guard, fast reconfiguration, and inclusion and exclusion of instances. It also discusses how to configure TAF using the tnsnames file and by making OCI-based calls directly from a Java application.
■ Chapter 11: Describes the steps involved during a migration process. Both migrating from a single instance to a clustered database environment and migrating from OPS to RAC are covered.
■ Chapter 12: Covers the backup features available, including implementation and configuration of...
Erscheint lt. Verlag | 14.11.2003 |
---|---|
Sprache | englisch |
Themenwelt | Sachbuch/Ratgeber |
Informatik ► Datenbanken ► Oracle | |
ISBN-10 | 0-08-049204-5 / 0080492045 |
ISBN-13 | 978-0-08-049204-9 / 9780080492049 |
Haben Sie eine Frage zum Produkt? |
![PDF](/img/icon_pdf_big.jpg)
Größe: 7,8 MB
Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: PDF (Portable Document Format)
Mit einem festen Seitenlayout eignet sich die PDF besonders für Fachbücher mit Spalten, Tabellen und Abbildungen. Eine PDF kann auf fast allen Geräten angezeigt werden, ist aber für kleine Displays (Smartphone, eReader) nur eingeschränkt geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Zusätzliches Feature: Online Lesen
Dieses eBook können Sie zusätzlich zum Download auch online im Webbrowser lesen.
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
![EPUB](/img/icon_epub_big.jpg)
Kopierschutz: Adobe-DRM
Adobe-DRM ist ein Kopierschutz, der das eBook vor Mißbrauch schützen soll. Dabei wird das eBook bereits beim Download auf Ihre persönliche Adobe-ID autorisiert. Lesen können Sie das eBook dann nur auf den Geräten, welche ebenfalls auf Ihre Adobe-ID registriert sind.
Details zum Adobe-DRM
Dateiformat: EPUB (Electronic Publication)
EPUB ist ein offener Standard für eBooks und eignet sich besonders zur Darstellung von Belletristik und Sachbüchern. Der Fließtext wird dynamisch an die Display- und Schriftgröße angepasst. Auch für mobile Lesegeräte ist EPUB daher gut geeignet.
Systemvoraussetzungen:
PC/Mac: Mit einem PC oder Mac können Sie dieses eBook lesen. Sie benötigen eine
eReader: Dieses eBook kann mit (fast) allen eBook-Readern gelesen werden. Mit dem amazon-Kindle ist es aber nicht kompatibel.
Smartphone/Tablet: Egal ob Apple oder Android, dieses eBook können Sie lesen. Sie benötigen eine
Geräteliste und zusätzliche Hinweise
Buying eBooks from abroad
For tax law reasons we can sell eBooks just within Germany and Switzerland. Regrettably we cannot fulfill eBook-orders from other countries.
aus dem Bereich