Stress in Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
List of contributors 8
Preface 12
Chapter 1. Interactions Between Agaricus bisporus and the Pathogen Verticillium fungicola 14
1. Introduction 15
2. Pathogen Variability 17
3. Extra-Cellular Enzyme Production 18
4. Screening for Resistance 21
5. Fungal Transformation 22
6. Molecular Interactions of Verticillium and Agaricus 23
7. Functional Characterisation of Host-Pathogen Response Genes 25
8. Future Work 27
Acknowledgements 28
References 28
Chapter 2. Environmental Fluxes and Fungal Interactions: Maintaining a Competitive Edge 32
1. Introduction 32
2. Environmental Factors and Competitiveness Based on Mycelial Interactions 34
3. Niche Overlap, Environmental Factors and Competitiveness 37
4. Role of Secondary Metabolites in Maintaining a Competitive Edge 38
5. Conclusions 46
References 46
Chapter 3. Intracellular Mycoparasites in Action: Interactions Between Powdery Mildew Fungi and Ampelomyces 50
1. Introduction 51
2. Details of the Mycoparasitic Interaction 53
3. Mycoparasitism as a Biotic Stress for the Parasitized Fungi 58
4. Other Fungal Antagonists of Powdery Mildew Fungi 60
5. Conclusions 61
Acknowledgement 62
References 62
Chapter 4. The Population Dynamical Consequences of Density Dependence in Fungal Plant Pathogens 66
1. Biotic Stress 67
2. Competition 67
3. Synergism 71
4. Multi-Trophic Interactions 72
5. Population Stress 75
References 76
Chapter 5. Differences in Stress Responses Between Model and Pathogenic Fungi 80
1. Introduction 81
2. Stress Responses and Virulence 81
3. Stress Responses in the Host 82
4. Stress Responses In Vitro 83
5. Regulation of Stress-Induced Gene Expression 87
6. Stress Responses in C. Glabrata 93
7. Conclusions: Specialised Stress Responses in Candida 94
Acknowledgements 95
References 95
Chapter 6. The Remarkably Diverse Pathogenicity Effectors of the Obligate Oomycete Hyaloperonospora parasitica 100
1. Plants have Several Layers of Resistance Mechanisms 101
2. Oomycete and Malarial Pathogencity Effectors Reveal a Conserved Motif 106
3. Oomycete Genomics will Revolutionise Analysis of Plant Immune Systems 107
Acknowledgements 107
References 107
Chapter 7. Ace2 and Fungal Virulence 110
1. Introduction to Ace2 110
2. Mitotic Exit and Regulation of Ace2 111
3. Ram: Regulation of ACE2 and Cellular Morphogenesis 112
4. Ace2 and Fungal Virulence 114
5. Concluding Remarks 116
Acknowledgements 116
References 116
Chapter 8. Integrative Analysis of Yeast Osmoregulation 122
1. Osmoregulation: Maintaining the Water Balance 123
2. Time Line: Response to Osmotic Shock 123
3. The HOG Signalling System 124
4. Cytosolic Responses 126
5. Fps1 127
6. Transcriptional Responses 130
7. Feedback Control 132
8. Perspectives 136
Acknowledgements 137
References 137
Chapter 9. Oxidative Stress, Fragmentation and Cell Death During Bioreactor Growth of Filamentous Fungi 142
1. Introduction 143
2. Fragmentation of Fungal Hyphae in Submerged Culture 144
3. Oxidative Stress in Fungal Fermentations 144
4. Cell Death During Fed-Batch Cultivation of A. Niger and T. Reesei 145
5. Differences in the Patterns of Cell Death and Fragmentation Between A. Niger and T. Reesei During Fed-Batch Cultivation 145
6. Conclusions 151
Acknowledgements 152
References 152
Chapter 10. Weak Organic Acid Resistance of Spoilage Yeasts 156
1. Introduction 157
2. How Weak Organic Carboxylic Acids Act on S. Cerevisiae 158
3. The Different Routes to Weak Acid Adaptation by S. Cerevisiae 160
4. Hog1p-Dependent Degradation of Fps1p is the Key Determinant of Acetate Resistance 161
5. Overcoming the Constant Weak Acid stress Imposed on S. Cerevisiae by the Presence of Moderately Lipophilic Organic Acids 163
Acknowledgements 166
References 166
Chapter 11. Heavy Metal Pollution and Genetic Adaptations in Ectomycorrhizal Fungi 170
1. Metal Toxicity Triggers Evolutionary Processes in Plants and their Associated Microorganisms 170
2. Mycorrhizal Fungi in Metal-Polluted Soils 173
3. Metal-Tolerant Mycorrhizal Fungi 176
4. Mechanisms of Metal Tolerance 178
5. Does Adaptive Metal Tolerance in the Mycorrhizal Fungus Increase Host Plant Fitness? 181
6. Conclusions 183
References 183
Chapter 12. Lichens and Metals 188
1. Introduction 189
2. Metal Influences on the Composition of Lichen Communities Growing on Rocks and Soils 192
3. Metal Influences on the Composition of Lichen Communities Growing on Trees 195
4. Metal Uptake and Extracellular Localisation 198
5. Effects of Trace Metals at the Cellular Level 201
6. Conclusions 203
Acknowledgements 204
References 204
Chapter 13. Responses of Mycorrhizal Fungi to Stress 214
1. Introduction 215
2. Problems with Filamentous Fungi 216
3. Nutritional Stress 217
4. Fertilization and N-Deposition 217
5. Effects of Liming and Wood-Ash Additions 219
6. Toxic Metals and Oxidative Stress 222
7. Water Stress 223
8. Fragmentation and Disruption of Carbon Supply 224
9. Grazing 224
10. Microbial Interactions 225
11. Competition for Host Roots„Evolution and Specificity 227
Concluding Remarks 228
References 228
Chapter 14. Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Yeast by Oxidative Stress 234
1. Introduction 235
2. Translation Initiation is a Key Regulated Step in Gene Expression 235
3. Regulation of Translation Initiation in Yeast 236
4. Regulation of Translation Elongation 239
5. mRNA-Specific Translational Control 240
6. Adaptation to Oxidant Stress 242
7. Future Perspectives 244
Acknowledgement 244
References 244
Chapter 15. Cell Differentiation as a Response to Oxidative Stress 248
1. Dioxygen has Shaped Life on Earth 249
2. Ros and Cell Differentiation in Eukaryotic Microorganisms 250
3. Ros and Cell Differentiation in Neurospora 253
4. The Development of N. Crassa in Null Mutant Strains Affected in Genes Encoding Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Enzymes 264
References 268
Chapter 16. Signalling and Defences Against Oxidative Stress in Candida albicans 272
1. Introduction 273
2. Map Kinase Signal Transduction Pathways 274
3. Transcription Factors 280
4. Defences Against Oxidative Stress 281
5. Concluding Remarks 283
Acknowledgements 283
References 283
Chapter 17. Oxidant-Specific Protein Folding During Fungal Oxidative Stress: Activation and Function of the Yap1p Transcription Factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 288
1. Introduction 289
2. Discussion 298
Acknowledgments 300
References 301
Colour Section 304
Subject Index 320