Bioprocessing for Value-Added Products from Renewable Resources (eBook)

Bioprocessing For Value-Added Products From Renewable Resources 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 6
List of contributors 10
Preface 14
Chapter 1. Bioprocessing – from Biotechnology to Biorefinery 16
1. Introduction 16
2. Industrial biotechnology – History and applications 16
3. Bioprocessing – Current status and development 21
4. Biomass feedstocks 24
5. Biorefineries 29
6. Summary and outlook 35
Acknowledgements 36
References 36
Part I. Enabling Technologies 40
Chapter 2. Application of Genomic and Proteomic Data for Bioprocess Analysis and Optimization 40
1. Introduction 40
2. Applications of genomic and proteomic analyses 41
3. Bioprocess analysis and optimization guided by genomic and proteomic analyses: The example of microbial production of 1,3-propanediol 49
4. Concluding remarks and outlook 58
References 59
Chapter 3. Directed Evolution Tools in Bioproduct and Bioprocess Development 64
1. Introduction 64
2. Directed evolution tools for diversity generation 65
3. Applications of directed evolution tools 79
4. Alternatives to directed evolution 82
5. Conclusion 84
Acknowledgements 84
References 84
Chapter 4. Metabolic Engineering – Applications, Methods, and Challenges 88
1. Introduction 88
2. Applications and some examples 89
3. Metabolic engineering strategies and limitations 109
4. Metabolic engineering methodologies and tools 111
5. Challenges and new approaches for metabolic engineering 117
6. Summary 121
References 122
Chapter 5. Amylase and Cellulase Structure and Function 134
1. Introduction 134
2. Amylase and cellulase classification and mechanisms 136
3. Conclusions 144
Acknowledgment 144
References 144
Chapter 6. Bioreactor Engineering 146
1. Introduction 146
2. Various types of bioreactors 148
3. Effects of process parameters on biological performances 157
4. Industrial applications of bioreactors 164
5. Trends in bioreactor engineering 167
Acknowledgments 171
References 171
Chapter 7. Membranes for Bioseparations 178
1. Introduction 178
2. Membranes in bioseparations 178
3. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes 180
4. Membrane fouling 182
5. Applications in biotechnology industries 194
5.3. Other applications 196
6. Outlook 197
References 197
Part II. Cultures for Bioprocessing 200
Chapter 8. Bacterial and Yeast Cultures – Process Characteristics, Products, and Applications 200
1. Introduction 200
2. Bacteria 201
3. Yeast 207
4. Fermentation products from bacteria and yeasts 209
5. Fermentation processes 218
6. Conlusion and outlook 228
References 229
Chapter 9. Filamentous Fungal Cultures – Process Characteristics, Products, and Applications 240
1. Introduction 240
2. Fungal cells as biofactories 241
3. Hyphal growth and protein secretion 243
4. Fungal growth in submerged culture 246
5. Effects of cultivation conditions 261
6. Effects of morphology on production and secretion 266
7. Immobilized fungal cells 270
8. Future of filamentous fungal cells as biofactories 271
References 271
Chapter 10. Plant Cell and Hairy Root Cultures – Process Characteristics, Products, and Applications 278
1. Introduction 278
2. Production of macromolecules 279
3. Production of small molecules 290
Acknowledgements 299
References 299
Chapter 11. Production of High-Value Products by Marine Microalgae Thraustochytrids 308
1. Introduction 308
2. Modes of microalgal cultivation 309
3. Thraustochytrids 310
4. High-value products from thraustochytrids 313
5. Other applications of thraustochytrids 330
6. Utilization of renewable resources 332
7. Safety issues 332
8. Conclusions 333
7 References 334
Part III. Unconventional and Novel Bioprocesses 340
Chapter 12. Nonconventional Biocatalysis for Production of Chemicals and Polymers from Biomass 340
1. Introduction 340
2. Enzymatic treatment of biomass components 341
3. Further processing of simple renewable molecules for value-added products 344
4. New trends in enzymatic bioprocessing 351
5. Summary 359
References 359
Chapter 13. Biocatalysis for Chiral Synthesis 366
1. Introduction 366
2. Chiral synthons by fermentation 366
3. Chiral molecules from hydrolase 370
4. Chiral molecules from enzymes requiring cofactors 373
5. Improving enantioselectivity by reaction engineering 376
6. Improving chiral synthesis by directed evolution and metabolic engineering 379
7. Conclusions 383
References 384
Chapter 14. Immobilized Cell Fermentation for Production of Chemicals and Fuels 388
1. Introduction 388
2. Immobilization techniques 389
3. Effects of cell immobilization 395
4. Immobilized cell bioreactors 398
5. Applications of immobilized cell technology 401
6. Conclusion 405
References 406
Chapter 15. Water-in-Oil Cultivation Technology for Viscous Xanthan Gum Fermentation 412
1. Introduction 412
2. Xanthan fermentations 412
3. New process development 413
4. Water-in-oil cultivation technology 415
5. PH-sensitive surfactants for water-in-oil cultivation 426
6. Conclusions 432
References 432
Chapter 16. Extractive Fermentation for the Production of Carboxylic Acids 436
1. Introduction 436
2. Carboxylic acid fermentation 439
3. Integrated fermentation-separation processes 448
4. Summary and outlook 455
References 456
Chapter 17. Fungal Fermentation for Medicinal Products 462
1. Introduction 462
2. Fungal physiology 462
3. Fungal metabolites 463
4. Pathway manipulation 469
5. Conclusions 475
References 475
Chapter 18. Solid State Fermentation and Its Applications 480
1. Introduction 480
2. Products from solid state fermentation (SSF) 480
3. Advantages and unsolved problems 487
4. SSF reactors 489
5. Conclusions 498
Acknowledgements 499
Nomenclature 499
References 500
Chapter 19. Algal Photobioreactor for Production of Lutein and Zeaxanthin 506
1. Introduction 506
2. Classification of closed algal photobioreactors 507
3. Design challenges for closed algal photobioreactors 509
4. Overcoming challenges for lutein/zeaxanthin production 512
5. Conclusions 519
References 519
Chapter 20. Power-Generation from Biorenewable Resources: Biocatalysis in Biofuel Cells 522
1. Introduction 522
2. Role of biocatalysts in biofuel cells 523
3. Fuel options in biofuel cells 525
4. Biocatalysis in cathode reactions 528
5. Electron transfer in biofuel cells 529
6. Immobilization of biocatalysts and mediators 531
7. Engineering aspects of biofuel cells 533
8. Overall performance of biofuel cells 535
9. Conclusion 537
References 537
Chapter 21. Biological Production of Hydrogen from Renewable Resources 542
1. Introduction 542
2. Principles of biohydrogen production systems 543
3. Microorganisms and enzymes for hydrogen production 547
4. Comparative studies on biohydrogen production processes 549
5. Improvements of photobiological hydrogen production 550
6. Improvements of fermentative hydrogen production 558
7. New concepts and strategies for biohydrogen production 566
8. Conclusion 568
References 568
Part IV. Feedstock Utilization 574
Chapter 22. Bioconversion of Whey Lactose into Microbial Exopolysaccharides 574
1. Introduction 574
2. Whey lactose 574
3. Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS) 577
4. Biosynthesis of EPS via lactose fermentation 589
5. Future outlook 593
6. Concluding remarks 594
Acknowledgement 594
References 594
Chapter 23. Microbial Production of Bioplastics from Renewable Resources 600
1. Introduction 600
2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 602
3. Microbial PHA fermentation 607
4. Integrated bioprocessing of renewable feedstock to PHA 613
5. PHA recovery 615
6. PHA economic analysis 618
7. Conclusions 621
Acknowledgement 622
References 622
Chapter 24. Industrial Applications for Plant Oils and Lipids 626
1. Introduction 626
2. Chemical composition of plant lipids 628
3. Chemical modifications of fats and fatty acids 632
4. Industrial applications and technology 633
5. Issues for industrial applications of plant lipids 640
References 641
Chapter 25. Value-Added Products from Animal Manure 644
1. Introduction 644
2. Characterization of animal manure 645
3. Production of reducing sugars from cattle manure lignocellulosics 650
4. Cellulolytic enzyme production from dairy manure 656
5. Summary 664
References 664
Index 668