Eisler's Encyclopedia of Environmentally Hazardous Priority Chemicals (eBook)

Front cover 1
EISLER’S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS PRIORITY CHEMICALS 4
Copyright page 5
PREFACE 8
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 10
BOOKS BY RONALD EISLER 12
LIST OF TABLES 14
LIST OF FIGURES 18
Table of contents 20
Chapter 1. ACROLEIN 38
1.1 Introduction 38
1.2 Sources and Uses 38
1.3 Environmental Chemistry 40
1.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 43
1.5 Recommendations 49
1.6 Summary 51
Chapter 2. ARSENIC 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Sources, Fate, and Uses 55
2.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 57
2.4 Essentiality, Synergism, and Antagonism 60
2.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 61
2.6 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 65
2.7 Recommendations 73
2.8 Summary 79
Chapter 3. ATRAZINE 82
3.1 Introduction 82
3.2 Environmental Chemistry 82
3.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 85
3.4 Effects 86
3.5 Recommendations 92
3.6 Summary 93
Chapter 4. BORON 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Environmental Chemistry 96
4.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 101
4.4 Effects 102
4.5 Recommendations 108
4.6 Summary 112
Chapter 5. CADMIUM 114
5.1 Introduction 114
5.2 Environmental Chemistry 114
5.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 115
5.4 Lethal Effects 118
5.5 Sublethal Effects 119
5.6 Bioaccumulation 122
5.7 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 124
5.8 Recommendations 124
5.9 Summary 130
Chapter 6. CARBOFURAN 132
6.1 Introduction 132
6.2 Chemical Properties and Persistence 133
6.3 Lethal Effects 136
6.4 Sublethal Effects 140
6.5 Recommendations 145
6.6 Summary 146
Chapter 7. CHLORDANE 148
7.1 Introduction 148
7.2 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 148
7.3 Uses 152
7.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 152
7.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 157
7.6 Recommendations 162
7.7 Summary 164
Chapter 8. CHLORPYRIFOS 166
8.1 Introduction 166
8.2 Environmental Chemistry 166
8.3 Laboratory Investigations 169
8.4 Field Investigations 171
8.5 Recommendations 172
8.6 Summary 172
Chapter 9. CHROMIUM 174
9.1 Introduction 174
9.2 Environmental Chemistry 174
9.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 177
9.4 Beneficial and Protective Properties 178
9.5 Lethal Effects 179
9.6 Sublethal Effects 182
9.7 Field Investigations 191
9.8 Recommendations 193
9.9 Summary 193
Chapter 10. COPPER 198
10.1 Introduction 198
10.2 Sources and Uses 198
10.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 201
10.4 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity 209
10.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 210
10.6 Copper Deficiency Effects 217
10.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 219
10.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 228
10.9 Summary 235
Chapter 11. CYANIDE 238
11.1 Introduction 238
11.2 Chemical Properties 240
11.3 Mode of Action 242
11.4 Clinical Features 244
11.5 Antidotes 245
11.6 Sources and Uses 246
11.7 Concentrations in Field Collections 250
11.8 Persistence in Water, Soil, and Air 251
11.9 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 252
11.10 Recommendations 264
11.11 Summary 268
Chapter 12. DIAZINON 270
12.1 Introduction 270
12.2 Environmental Chemistry 271
12.3 Lethal Effects 272
12.4 Sublethal Effects 274
12.5 Recommendations 278
12.6 Summary 279
Chapter 13. DIFLUBENZURON 282
13.1 Introduction 282
13.2 Environmental Chemistry 282
13.3 Uses 285
13.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 286
13.5 Recommendations 294
13.6 Summary 295
Chapter 14. DIOXINS 298
14.1 Introduction 298
14.2 Environmental Chemistry 299
14.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 301
14.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 305
14.5 Recommendations 311
14.6 Summary 315
Chapter 15. FAMPHUR 316
15.1 Introduction 316
15.2 Uses 316
15.3 Chemistry and Metabolism 317
15.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 320
15.5 Recommendations 326
15.6 Summary 327
Chapter 16. FENVALERATE 330
16.1 Introduction 330
16.2 Environmental Chemistry 331
16.3 Mode of Action 336
16.4 Effects 339
16.5 Recommendations 345
16.6 Summary 348
Chapter 17. GOLD 350
17.1 Introduction 350
17.2 Geology, Sources, and Production 351
17.3 Uses 357
17.4 Properties 361
17.5 Gold Concentrations in Field Collections 367
17.6 Gold Effects on Plants and Animals 370
17.7 Health Risks of Gold Miners 379
17.8 Human Sensitivity to Gold 385
17.9 Gold MineWastes 388
17.10 Recommendations 402
17.11 Summary 405
Chapter 18. LEAD 408
18.1 Introduction 408
18.2 Sources and Uses 410
18.3 Chemical Properties 411
18.4 Mode of Action 413
18.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 416
18.6 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 424
18.7 Recommendations 433
18.8 Summary 442
Chapter 19. MERCURY 444
19.1 Introduction 444
19.2 Mercury Uses and Sources 446
19.3 Properties 452
19.4 Mercury Poisoning and Treatment 458
19.5 Mercury Concentrations in Abiotic Materials 462
19.6 Mercury Concentrations in Plants and Animals 465
19.7 Lethal Effects of Mercurials 480
19.8 Sublethal Effects 484
19.9 Minamata 503
19.10 Mercury Hazards from Gold Mining 509
19.11 Proposed Mercury Criteria for the Protection of Natural Resources and Human Health 521
19.12 Summary 534
Chapter 20. MIREX 540
20.1 Introduction 540
20.2 Chemical Properties 540
20.3 Lethal Effects 541
20.4 Sublethal Effects 542
20.5 Bioaccumulation 544
20.6 Mirex in the Southeastern U.S. 546
20.7 Mirex in the Great Lakes 548
20.8 Mirex in Other Geographic Areas 550
20.9 Recommendations 551
20.10 Summary 553
Chapter 21. MOLYBDENUM 554
21.1 Introduction 554
21.2 Environmental Chemistry 554
21.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 557
21.4 Effects 559
21.5 Recommendations 565
21.6 Summary 568
Chapter 22. NICKEL 570
22.1 Introduction 570
22.2 Sources and Uses 571
22.3 Properties 574
22.4 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity 579
22.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 585
22.6 Nickel Deficiency Effects 591
22.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 593
22.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 600
22.9 Summary 607
Chapter 23. PARAQUAT 610
23.1 Introduction 610
23.2 Uses 611
23.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 611
23.4 Environmental Chemistry 612
23.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 616
23.6 Recommendations 622
23.7 Summary 625
Chapter 24. PENTACHLOROPHENOL 626
24.1 Introduction 626
24.2 Environmental Chemistry 627
24.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 632
24.4 Effects 633
24.5 Recommendations 638
24.6 Summary 643
Chapter 25. POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS 644
25.1 Introduction 644
25.2 Sources and Uses 644
25.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 645
25.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 657
25.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 671
25.6 Recommendations 676
25.7 Summary 680
Chapter 26. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 682
26.1 Introduction 682
26.2 Environmental Chemistry, Sources, and Fate 683
26.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 691
26.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 696
26.5 Recommendations 706
26.6 Summary 712
Chapter 27. RADIATION 714
27.1 Introduction 714
27.2 Physical Properties of Radiation 715
27.3 Sources and Uses 717
27.4 Radionuclide Concentrations in Field Collections 725
27.5 Case Histories 729
27.6 Effects: Nonionizing Radiations 746
27.7 Effects: Ionizing Radiations 748
27.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 760
27.9 Summary 767
Glossary 769
Chapter 28. SELENIUM 774
28.1 Introduction 774
28.2 Environmental Chemistry 775
28.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 777
28.4 Deficiency and Protective Effects 780
28.5 Lethal Effects 782
28.6 Sublethal and Latent Effects 786
28.7 Recommendations 790
28.8 Summary 796
Chapter 29. SILVER 798
29.1 Introduction 798
29.2 Sources and Uses 798
29.3 Properties 801
29.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 806
29.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 809
29.6 Recommendations 815
29.7 Summary 818
Chapter 30. SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE 820
30.1 Introduction 820
30.2 Uses 821
30.3 Environmental Chemistry 825
30.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 832
30.5 Recommendations 842
30.6 Summary 844
Chapter 31. TIN 846
31.1 Introduction 846
31.2 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 847
31.3 Sources and Uses 850
31.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 852
31.5 Effects 854
31.6 Recommendations 861
31.7 Summary 864
Chapter 32. TOXAPHENE 866
32.1 Introduction 866
32.2 Environmental Chemistry 867
32.3 Concentrations in Field Populations 869
32.4 Lethal Effects 871
32.5 Sublethal Effects 872
32.6 Recommendations 874
32.7 Summary 876
Chapter 33. ZINC 878
33.1 Introduction 878
33.2 Sources and Uses 879
33.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 880
33.4 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity 888
33.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 890
33.6 Zinc Deficiency Effects 897
33.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 902
33.8 Recommendations 914
33.9 Summary 924
General Index 928
Species Index 970