Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Foreword 11
Preface 14
Acknowledgements 16
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 18
1.1 Long Haul Fiber Networks 18
1.2 Historical Development of Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 22
1.3 From Glass to Systems – Outline 26
CHAPTER 2. OPTICAL FIBER FABRICATION 30
2.1 Introduction 30
2.2 Conventional Communication Fiber 31
2.3 Rare Earth Doped Fibers 33
2.4 Pump-Signal Interaction Methods 42
2.5 Compositions 44
2.6 Physical Properties 46
CHAPTER 3. COMPONENTS AND INTEGRATION 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Fiber Connectors 60
3.3 Fusion Splicing 65
3.4 Pump and Signal Combiners 67
3.5 Isolators 69
3.6 Circulators 70
3.7 Filters 72
3.8 Fiber Gratings 72
3.9 Signal Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 78
3.10 Signal Add/Drop Components 79
3.11 Dispersion Compensation Components 80
3.12 Integrated Components 83
3.13 Pump Lasers 83
CHAPTER 4. RARE EARTH IONS – INTRODUCTORY SURVEY 104
4.1 Introduction 104
4.2 Atomic Physics of the Rare Earths 104
4.3 Optical Spectra of Rare Earth Ions 112
4.4 Fundamental Properties 116
4.5 Spectroscopy of the Er3 Ion 127
4.6 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects 137
CHAPTER 5. ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS – AMPLIFIER BASICS 148
5.1 Introduction 148
5.2 Amplification in Three-Level Systems – Basics 148
5.3 Reduction of the Three-Level System to the Two-Level System 161
5.4 Amplified Spontaneous Emission 164
5.5 Analytical Solutions to the Two-Level System 166
CHAPTER 6. ERBIUM-DOPED FIBER AMPLIFIERS – MODELING AND COMPLEX EFFECTS 170
6.1 Introduction 170
6.2 Absorption and Emission Cross Sections 170
6.3 Gain and ASE Modeling 173
6.4 Amplifier Simulations 178
6.5 Transverse Mode Models – Erbium Confinement Effect 197
6.6 Excited State Absorption Effects 203
6.7 Er3 -Er3 Interaction Effects 208
CHAPTER 7. OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS IN FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS – THEORY 218
7.1 Introduction 218
7.2 Optical Noise: Device Aspects 219
7.3 Optical Noise: System Aspects 229
CHAPTER 8. AMPLIFIER CHARACTERIZATION AND DESIGN ISSUES 268
8.1 Introduction 268
8.2 Basic Amplifier Measurement Techniques 268
8.3 Amplifier Design Issues 280
CHAPTER 9. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATIONS OF AMPLIFIERS 338
9.1 Introduction 338
9.2 System Demonstrations and Issues 340
9.3 Soliton Systems 384
CHAPTER 10. FOUR LEVEL FIBER AMPLIFIERS FOR 1.3 µm AMPLIFICATION 418
10.1 Introduction 418
10.2 Pr3 -doped Fiber Amplifiers 421
10.3 Nd3 -Doped Fiber Amplifiers 435
Appendix A 446
A.1 OASIX® Amplifier Simulation Software 446
A.2 Introduction 446
A.3 A Quick Overview and Tour 447
A.4 Screen Contents and Simulation Methodology 451
A.5 Simulation Looping Structure 455
A.6 Sample Simulations 459
A.7 Computation of Signal Related Quantities 460
A.8 Computation of ASE Related Quantities 461
A.9 Basic Operating Principles 462
A.10 Comment on the treatment of losses 465
INDEX 468
Optics and Photonics 478