Physics in Biology and Medicine (eBook)

Cover 1
Table of Contents 6
Preface 14
Abbreviations 18
Chapter 1. Static Forces 20
1.1 Equilibrium and Stability 21
1.2 Equilibrium Considerations for the Human Body 22
1.3 Stability of the Human Body under the Action of an External Force 23
1.4 Skeletal Muscles 26
1.5 Levers 28
1.6 The Elbow 30
1.7 The Hip 34
1.8 The Back 36
1.9 Standing Tip-Toe on One Foot 38
1.10 Dynamic Aspects of Posture 38
Exercises 40
Chapter 2. Friction 42
2.1 Standing at an Incline 44
2.2 Friction at the Hip Joint 45
2.3 Spine Fin of a Catfish 46
Exercises 48
Chapter 3. Translational Motion 49
3.1 Vertical Jump 51
3.2 Effect of Gravity on the Vertical Jump 54
3.3 Running High Jump 55
3.4 Range of a Projectile 56
3.5 Standing Broad Jump 56
3.6 Running Broad Jump (Long Jump) 58
3.7 Motion through Air 59
3.8 Energy Consumed in Physical Activity 61
Exercises 62
Chapter 4. Angular Motion 64
4.1 Forces on a Curved Path 64
4.2 A Runner on a Curved Track 66
4.3 Pendulum 67
4.4 Walking 69
4.5 Physical Pendulum 70
4.6 Speed of Walking and Running 71
4.7 Energy Expended in Running 73
4.8 Alternate Perspectives on Walking and Running 75
4.9 Carrying Loads 77
Exercises 78
Chapter 5. Elasticity and Strength of Materials 80
5.1 Longitudinal Stretch and Compression 80
5.2 A Spring 81
5.3 Bone Fracture: Energy Considerations 83
5.4 Impulsive Forces 85
5.5 Fracture Due to a Fall: Impulsive Force Considerations 86
5.6 Airbags: Inflating Collision Protection Devices 87
5.7 Whiplash Injury 88
5.8 Falling from Great Height 89
5.9 Osteoarthritis and Exercise 89
Exercises 90
Chapter 6. Insect Flight 92
6.1 Hovering Flight 92
6.2 Insect Wing Muscles 94
6.3 Power Required for Hovering 95
6.4 Kinetic Energy of Wings in Flight 97
6.5 Elasticity of Wings 98
Exercises 99
Chapter 7. Fluids 101
7.1 Force and Pressure in a Fluid 101
7.2 Pascal’s Principle 102
7.3 Hydrostatic Skeleton 103
7.4 Archimedes’ Principle 106
7.5 Power Required to Remain Afloat 106
7.6 Buoyancy of Fish 107
7.7 Surface Tension 108
7.8 Soil Water 111
7.9 Insect Locomotion on Water 112
7.10 Contraction of Muscles 114
7.11 Surfactants 116
Exercises 118
Chapter 8. The Motion of Fluids 120
8.1 Bernoulli’s Equation 120
8.2 Viscosity and Poiseuille’s Law 122
8.3 Turbulent Flow 123
8.4 Circulation of the Blood 124
8.5 Blood Pressure 126
8.6 Control of Blood Flow 128
8.7 Energetics of Blood Flow 129
8.8 Turbulence in the Blood 129
8.9 Arteriosclerosis and Blood Flow 130
8.10 Power Produced by the Heart 131
8.11 Measurement of Blood Pressure 132
Exercises 133
Chapter 9. Heat and Kinetic Theory 135
9.1 Heat and Hotness 135
9.2 Kinetic Theory of Matter 135
9.3 Definitions 138
9.4 Transfer of Heat 139
9.5 Transport of Molecules by Diffusion 145
9.6 Diffusion through Membranes 147
9.7 The Respiratory System 148
9.8 Surfactants and Breathing 151
9.9 Diffusion and Contact Lenses 152
Exercises 152
Chapter 10. Thermodynamics 154
10.1 First Law of Thermodynamics 154
10.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics 156
10.3 Difference between Heat and Other Forms of Energy 157
10.4 Thermodynamics of Living Systems 159
10.5 Information and the Second Law 162
Exercises 163
Chapter 11. Heat and Life 164
11.1 Energy Requirements of People 165
11.2 Energy from Food 166
11.3 Regulation of Body Temperature 168
11.4 Control of Skin Temperature 170
11.5 Convection 170
11.6 Radiation 172
11.7 Radiative Heating by the Sun 172
11.8 Evaporation 174
11.9 Resistance to Cold 175
11.10 Heat and Soil 177
Exercises 178
Chapter 12. Waves and Sound 181
12.1 Properties of Sound 181
12.2 Some Properties of Waves 184
12.3 Hearing and the Ear 187
12.4 Bats and Echoes 194
12.5 Sounds Produced by Animals 195
12.6 Acoustic Traps 195
12.7 Clinical Uses of Sound 196
12.8 Ultrasonic Waves 196
Exercises 197
Chapter 13. Electricity 199
13.1 The Nervous System 199
13.2 Electricity in Plants 215
13.3 Electricity in the Bone 215
13.4 Electric Fish 216
Exercises 217
Chapter 14. Electrical Technology 219
14.1 Electrical Technology in Biological Research 219
14.2 Diagnostic Equipment 221
14.3 Physiological Effects of Electricity 223
14.4 Control Systems 225
14.5 Feedback 227
14.6 Sensory Aids 230
Exercises 232
Chapter 15. Optics 233
15.1 Vision 233
15.2 Nature of Light 234
15.3 Structure of the Eye 234
15.4 Accommodation 235
15.5 Eye and the Camera 236
15.6 Lens System of the Eye 238
15.7 Reduced Eye 239
15.8 Retina 241
15.9 Resolving Power of the Eye 242
15.10 Threshold of Vision 244
15.11 Vision and the Nervous System 245
15.12 Defects in Vision 246
15.13 Lens for Myopia 248
15.14 Lens for Presbyopia and Hyperopia 248
15.15 Extension of Vision 248
Exercises 256
Chapter 16. Atomic Physics 258
16.1 The Atom 258
16.2 Spectroscopy 263
16.3 Quantum Mechanics 265
16.4 Electron Microscope 266
16.5 X-rays 268
16.6 X-ray Computerized Tomography 269
16.7 Lasers 271
Exercises 274
Chapter 17. Nuclear Physics 275
17.1 The Nucleus 275
17.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 276
17.3 Radiation Therapy 285
17.4 Food Preservation by Radiation 286
17.5 Isotopic Tracers 287
17.6 Laws of Physics and Life 288
Exercises 290
Appendix A. Basic Concepts in Mechanics 291
A.1 Speed and Velocity 291
A.2 Acceleration 292
A.3 Force 293
A.4 Pressure 293
A.5 Mass 293
A.6 Weight 293
A.7 Linear Momentum 293
A.8 Newton’s Laws of Motion 293
A.9 Conservation of Linear Momentum 294
A.10 Radian 295
A.11 Angular Velocity 295
A.12 Angular Acceleration 296
A.13 Relations between Angular and Linear Motion 296
A.14 Equations for Angular Momentum 296
A.15 Centripetal Acceleration 297
A.16 Moment of Inertia 298
A.17 Torque 298
A.18 Newton’s Laws of Angular Motion 299
A.19 Angular Momentum 299
A.20 Addition of Forces and Torques 300
A.21 Static Equilibrium 301
A.22 Work 301
A.23 Energy 301
A.24 Forms of Energy 302
A.25 Power 303
A.26 Units and Conversions 304
Appendix B. Review of Electricity 306
B.1 Electric Charge 306
B.2 Electric Field 307
B.3 Potential Difference or Voltage 308
B.4 Electric Current 308
B.5 Electric Circuits 309
B.6 Voltage and Current Sources 311
B.7 Electricity and Magnetism 311
Appendix C. Review of Optics 312
C.1 Geometric Optics 312
C.2 Converging Lenses 314
C.3 Images of Extended Objects 317
C.4 Diverging Lenses 319
C.5 Lens Immersed in a Material Medium 319
Bibliography 321
Answers to Numerical Exercises 329
Index 333