Oceans and Human Health (eBook)

Front cover 1
Oceans and Human Health 4
Copyright page 5
Table of contents 8
List of Contributors 12
Foreword 16
Preface: Globalization and Global Ocean Change: An Overview of Influences on Human Health 20
SECTION I: RISKS 26
A. Effects of the Physical Environment 26
CHAPTER 1: Background Oceanography 28
INTRODUCTION 28
THE CLIMATE OF THE EARTH OVER GEOLOGICAL TIME 28
CONTROLS ON THE CLIMATE OF THE EARTH 30
THE OCEAN AND CLIMATE CHANGE 35
ADVANCED READING: WHY IS THERE A CORIOLIS FORCE? 41
References 44
STUDY QUESTIONS 45
CASE STUDY 1: Managing Public Health Risks: Role of Integrated Ocean Observing Systems (IOOS) 46
INTRODUCTION 46
THE INTEGRATED OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM (IOOS) 46
THE OCEANS AND HUMAN HEALTH 50
DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR MANAGING PUBLIC HEALTH RISKS AS A DRIVER FOR IOOS DEVELOPMENT 55
References 56
STUDY QUESTIONS 58
CHAPTER 2: Climate and Human Health: Physics, Policy, and Possibilities 60
INTRODUCTION 60
LINKING HUMAN HEALTH AND CLIMATE FACTORS 61
CLIMATE AND WEATHER BASICS 61
VULNERABILITY ISSUES 67
References 68
STUDY QUESTIONS 71
CASE STUDIES 2 72
CASE STUDY 1: HANTAVIRUS AND EL NIÑO IN NEW MEXICO 72
CASE STUDY 2: MALARIA EPIDEMICS 75
CASE STUDY 3: URBAN HEAT WAVES AND URBAN MORTALITY 79
CASE STUDY 4: DROUGHT INSURANCE IN MALAWI 81
CONCLUSIONS 83
CHAPTER 3: The Geological Perspective: Hazards in the Oceanic Environment from a Dynamic Earth 84
INTRODUCTION 84
EARTHQUAKES 86
TSUNAMIS 89
VOLCANOES 91
COASTAL SUBSIDENCE AND FLOODING 94
References 101
STUDY QUESTIONS 102
CHAPTER 4: Overview of Atlantic Basin Hurricanes 104
INTRODUCTION 104
HURRICANE FORMATION 104
HURRICANE SEASONALITY 105
DEADLIEST STORMS 106
SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS OF LAND-FALLING STORMS IN THE UNITED STATES 109
STORM RETURN PERIODS 110
THE 2005 HURRICANE SEASON 112
WHAT LIES AHEAD? 112
References 114
CHAPTER 5: Oceans and Human Health: Human Dimensions 116
INTRODUCTION 116
THE WEALTH OF OCEANS 117
MANAGING MARINE RESOURCES REQUIRES ECONOMIC CHOICES 117
ECONOMIC PROBLEM STATEMENT 118
MARKET FAILURES 119
HURRICANES AND NATURAL HAZARDS 120
CLIMATE CHANGE 120
HARMFUL ALGAL BLOOMS 121
SEAFOOD SAFETY 121
CONCLUSIONS 121
References 123
STUDY QUESTIONS 123
B. Effects of Anthropogenic Substances 124
CHAPTER 6: Background Toxicology 126
INTRODUCTION 126
ENVIRONMENTAL FATE 126
BIOLOGICAL FATE 128
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 132
TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 138
References 143
STUDY QUESTIONS 144
CHAPTER 7: Organic Pollutants: Presence and Effects in Humans and Marine Animals 146
INTRODUCTION 146
ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN THE OCEANS 147
HUMAN EXPOSURES AND EFFECTS 155
IMPACT ON MARINE ORGANISMS/ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 160
CONCLUSIONS 161
Acknowledgments 161
References 162
STUDY QUESTIONS 166
CASE STUDY 7 167
CASE STUDY 1: CONTAMINANTS IN FARMED VERSUS WILD FISH 167
CASE STUDY 2: WHY WERE PBDES USED IN THE 1980s AND 1990s? 168
CHAPTER 8: Metals: Ocean Ecosystems and Human Health 170
INTRODUCTION 170
THE SOURCE OF METALS IN THE SEA 171
FOOD CHAIN TRANSFER 171
OTHER FACTORS AFFECTING METAL LEVELS IN SEAFOOD 173
RISK TO HUMANS FROM METALS IN SEAFOOD 174
VULNERABLE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS 174
HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES 174
EFFECTS OF MERCURY AND OTHER HEAVY METALS 176
HUMAN HEALTH GUIDELINES FOR SEAFOOD SAFETY 177
RISK MANAGEMENT OF METALS IN MARINE FOODS 177
References 180
STUDY QUESTIONS 184
CHAPTER 9: The Fate of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment 186
INTRODUCTION 186
ENTRY OF PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS (PPCPs) INTO THE ENVIRONMENT 186
MEASURING PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS IN THE ENVIRONMENT 187
PPCP ACTIONS AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS 190
PREVENTING ENVIRONMENTAL PPCP CONTAMINATION 198
References 198
STUDY QUESTIONS 204
CHAPTER 10: Exposure and Effects of Seafood-Borne Contaminants in Maritime Populations 206
INTRODUCTION 206
CONTAMINANT EXPOSURES OF MARITIME POPULATIONS 207
HEALTH EFFECTS OF SEAFOOD CONTAMINANTS IN MARITIME POPULATIONS 208
BALANCING THE RISKS AND BENEFITS OF SEAFOOD CONSUMPTION 212
CONCLUSIONS 212
References 213
STUDY QUESTIONS 216
CASE STUDY 10: A Case Study in Bermuda: POPs and Heavy Metals in Newborns and Fish 217
THE ATLANTIS MOBILE LABORATORY 217
THE BERMUDA EXPEDITION 217
MONITORING MERCURY CONTENT IN FISH CONSUMED BY BERMUDIANS 219
MONITORING PRENATAL EXPOSURE OF BERMUDIANS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS 219
C. Effects of Harmful Algal Blooms and Toxins 224
CHAPTER 11: Epidemiological Tools for Investigating the Effects of Oceans on Public Health 226
INTRODUCTION 226
PART 1: EPIDEMIOLOGY PRIMER 226
PART 2: EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TOOLS APPLIED TO OCEANS AND HUMAN HEALTH 234
PART 3. EMERGING ISSUES IN OCEANS AND HUMAN HEALTH: APPLICATIONS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY 236
CONCLUSIONS 240
Acknowledgments 241
References 241
STUDY QUESTIONS 242
CHAPTER 12: Toxic Diatoms 244
INTRODUCTION 244
GENERAL BIOLOGY OF DIATOMS 244
THE DISCOVERY OF AMNESIC SHELLFISH POISONING 246
OCEANOGRAPHY AND TOXIC DIATOM BLOOMS 254
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 260
Acknowledgments 260
References 260
STUDY QUESTIONS 262
CHAPTER 13: Toxic Dinoflagellates 264
INTRODUCTION 264
SAXITOXINS, PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING, AND SAXITOXIN PUFFER FISH POISONING 265
BREVETOXINS 268
OTHER TOXINS 271
TOMORROW’S CHALLENGES 273
References 277
STUDY QUESTIONS 281
CHAPTER 14: Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: A Synopsis from Ecology to Toxicity 282
INTRODUCTION 282
CFP: THE HUMAN HEALTH PORTION 282
CFP: THE OCEAN PRODUCTION PORTION 286
ISSUES AND QUESTIONS 290
Acknowledgments 291
References 291
STUDY QUESTIONS 294
CHAPTER 15: Cyanobacteria and Cyanobacterial Toxins 296
INTRODUCTION 296
BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA 296
ECOLOGY OF CYANOBACTERIA 297
TOXINS OF CYANOBACTERIA, CHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS, AND GENETICS 302
HEALTH EFFECTS OF HEPATOTOXIC FRESHWATER SPECIES 304
CONCLUSIONS ON THE KNOWN HEALTH IMPACTS OF CYANOBACTERIA AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH REGULATIONS 307
MARINE CYANOBACTERIA 308
OTHER PELAGIC CYANOBACTERIA 310
MARINE CYANOBACTERIA AS SOURCES OF NOVEL BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS 314
EDIBLE CYANOBACTERIA AND MACROALGAE: CONTAMINATION BY CYANOTOXINS 314
CONCLUDING REMARKS 315
References 316
STUDY QUESTIONS 320
CHAPTER 16: Pfiesteria 322
INTRODUCTION 322
WHAT IS PFIESTERIA? 322
THE EARLY PFIESTERIA PARADIGM 325
CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES 328
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 345
References 345
STUDY QUESTIONS 350
CHAPTER 16: Media Coverage of Environmental Health Issues: Where Morality, Science, and the News Reflect and Depend on Fundamental Philosophical Perspectives 351
INTRODUCTION 351
THE CASE OF PFIESTERIA: THE “CELL FROM HELL”? 351
CONCLUSIONS 354
References 354
STUDY QUESTIONS 354
D. Infectious Microbes in Coastal Waters 356
CHAPTER 17: Waterborne Diseases and Microbial Quality Monitoring for Recreational Water Bodies Using Regulatory Methods 362
INTRODUCTION 362
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF FECAL POLLUTION AND WATERBORNE DISEASES 362
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON MONITORING OF RECREATIONAL WATERS 365
REGULATIONS IN EFFECT IN THE UNITED STATES 366
FECAL POLLUTION OF RECREATIONAL WATERS AND PUBLIC HEALTH 368
ENUMERATION OF INDICATOR BACTERIA IN RECREATIONAL WATERS 369
MICROORGANISMS RELEVANT TO WATER FECAL POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH 372
MICROBIAL SURVIVAL: ECOLOGICAL AND GENETIC FACTORS 376
ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH MONITORING FECAL POLLUTION 377
TRACKING SOURCES OF POLLUTION 378
FUTURE REGULATIONS AND FUTURE NEEDS 379
References 380
STUDY QUESTIONS 382
CHAPTER 18: Foodborne Infectious Diseases and Monitoring of Marine Food Resources 384
INTRODUCTION 384
BACTERIAL INFECTIONS FROM SEAFOOD 385
PARASITIC INFECTIONS FROM SEAFOOD 391
HUMAN VIRUSES AND SHELLFISH 392
PATHOGENIC AND EMERGENT VIRUSES DETECTED IN SHELLFISH 393
PRESENCE, STABILITY, AND CONTROL OF VIRUSES IN SHELLFISH 397
MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING 398
SUMMARY 400
References 401
STUDY QUESTIONS 405
CHAPTER 19: Emerging Technologies for Monitoring Recreational Waters for Bacteria and Viruses 406
INTRODUCTION 406
THE CURRENT STATE OF WATER QUALITY TESTING 406
CURRENT NEEDS OF WATER QUALITY TESTING 407
COMMON PRINCIPLES UNDERLYINGE MERGING TECHNOLOGIES 409
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SOLUTION-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 411
ADDITIONAL PRINCIPLES FOR SURFACE-BASED TECHNOLOGIES 413
EXAMPLES OF ADVANCED DETECTION TECHNOLOGIES 416
AUTOMATED SENSORS AND REAL-TIMEDATA RELAY 423
CHALLENGES FACING EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 423
SUMMARY 425
References 425
STUDY QUESTIONS 429
CHAPTER 20: Future of Microbial Ocean Water Quality Monitoring 430
INTRODUCTION 430
LIMITATIONS OF CURRENT MONITORING PROTOCOLS AND METHODS 432
FUTURE RECOVERY OF MICROORGANISMS 432
MODELS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RECREATIONAL WATER QUALITY 433
COMMERCIAL RAPID ENZYME TESTING METHODS FOR ENTEROCOCCUS 434
CONCENTRATION METHODS 435
NUCLEIC ACID ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY MONITORING 437
HIGH-THROUGHPUT QUANTITATIVE PCR AND OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MICROARRAYS FOR PATHOGEN DETECTION 437
LUMINEX xMAP SUSPENSION ARRAY 438
IMPACTS OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES: A REGULATORY PERSPECTIVE 440
PUBLIC HEALTH BENEFITS OF IMPROVED COASTAL MONITORING 441
DISCUSSION 442
References 443
STUDY QUESTIONS 446
SECTION II: REMEDIES 448
A. Pharmaceuticals and Other Natural Products 448
CHAPTER 21: Marine Remedies 450
References 454
CHAPTER 22: Anticancer Drugs of Marine Origin 456
INTRODUCTION 456
ANTICANCER AGENTS FROM MARINE MICROORGANISMS 459
ANTICANCER AGENTS FROM MARINE MACROORGANISMS (OR ARE THEY?) 465
CONCLUSIONS 473
Acknowledgments 474
References 474
STUDY QUESTIONS 476
CHAPTER 23: Discovering Anti-infectives from the Sea 478
INTRODUCTION 478
MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS 481
THE SUPPLY ISSUE 481
MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS AS ANTI-INFECTIVES 482
MARINE MICROBES AS SOURCES FOR NEW ANTIBIOTICS 483
STRATEGIES FOR THE DISCOVERY OF NEW ANTIBIOTICS 488
ANTIMALARIAL MARINE NATURAL PRODUCTS 489
THE FUTURE OF ANTI-INFECTIVE DISCOVERY FROM THE SEA 491
References 491
STUDY QUESTIONS 493
CHAPTER 24: Marine Proteins 494
INTRODUCTION 494
LIMULUS PROTEINS MARK BACTERIAL CONTAMINATIONS 494
FROM LIGHTLESS DEPTHS TO THE LABORATORIES OF THE WORLD: THERMOSTABLE POLYMERASES 495
DEADLY BUT USEFUL: TOXIC PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS 497
DIVERSE BIOACTIVE PROTEINS WAIT FOR DISCOVERY 498
FLUORESCENT PROTEINS: GLOWING TOOLS FROM THE OCEANS 503
A NOTE ON THE LEFTOVERS: GUANO 513
CONCLUSION 514
Acknowledgments 514
References 514
STUDY QUESTIONS 520
CHAPTER 25: Novel Pain Therapies from Marine Toxins 522
INTRODUCTION 522
OVERVIEW OF CONUS VENOM PEPTIDES 523
CONUS PEPTIDES, OPIATES, AND NSAIDS 525
POTENTIAL CONUS PEPTIDE THERAPEUTICS FOR PAIN: MOVING BEYOND PRIALT 527
AN ANALGESIC PEPTIDE FROM A SEA ANEMONE 528
TETRODOTOXIN AS AN ANALGESIC DRUG 529
AN OCEAN OF OPPORTUNITY 529
References 529
STUDY QUESTIONS 531
CHAPTER 26: Emerging Marine Biotechnologies: Cloning of Marine Biosynthetic Gene Clusters 532
INTRODUCTION 532
CLONING OF MARINE BIOSYNTHETIC GENE CLUSTERS 533
FUTURE TARGETS OF OPPORTUNITY 541
References 547
STUDY QUESTIONS 549
B. Aquatic Animal Models of Human Health 550
CHAPTER 27: Aquatic Animal Models of Human Health 552
INTRODUCTION 552
GENERAL FEATURES OF AQUATIC ANIMAL MODELS FOR HUMAN HEALTH 552
SOME SPECIFIC EXAMPLES 554
EPILOGUE: THE AUGUST KROGH PRINCIPLE IN THE MODERN GENOMIC ERA 555
References 556
STUDY QUESTIONS 556
CHAPTER 28: Aquatic Animal Neurophysiological Models 558
INTRODUCTION 558
NATURE OF EXCITABILITY 558
NEURAL NETWORKS 559
MEMORY AND LEARNING 559
SENSORY SYSTEMS 562
CONCLUSION 570
References 570
STUDY QUESTIONS 570
CHAPTER 29: Toadfish as Biomedical Models 572
INTRODUCTION 572
THE SONIC MUSCLE MACHINERY 572
THE ACOUSTICOLATERALIS SYSTEM 573
UREA PRODUCTION AND HYPERAMMONEMIA TOLERANCE AS A MODEL FOR HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY 577
EPILOGUE: AQUACULTURE OF BIOMEDICAL SPECIES 581
References 581
STUDY QUESTIONS 582
CHAPTER 30: Lower Deuterostomes as Models of the Developmental Process 584
INTRODUCTION 584
PHYLOGENY OF SEA URCHINS AND ASCIDIANS 584
TUNICATE MODEL SYSTEMS 586
SEA URCHIN MODEL SYSTEM 589
CONCLUSIONS 594
References 594
STUDY QUESTIONS 597
CHAPTER 31: The Zebrafish, Danio Rerio, as a Model Organism for Biomedical Research 598
INTRODUCTION 598
THE SYSTEM 598
GENETIC TECHNIQUES 599
MODELING DISEASE 602
THE SEARCH FOR TREATMENTS AND CURES 606
SUMMARY 607
References 607
STUDY QUESTIONS 608
CHAPTER 32: Carcinogenesis Models: Focus on Xiphophorus and Rainbow Trout 610
INTRODUCTION 610
XIPHOPHORUS: A MODEL FOR STUDY OF THE GENETICS OF MELANOMA 610
UV-INDUCED DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN XIPHOPHORUS 617
RAINBOW TROUT: MODEL FOR CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION, MECHANISMS OF PROMOTION, AND TUMOR RESPONSE AT ULTRALOW DOSES 621
CONCLUSIONS 630
References 631
STUDY QUESTIONS 636
CHAPTER 33: New Approaches for Cell and Animal Preservation: Lessons from Aquatic Organisms 638
INTRODUCTION 638
BASIC BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: MAINTAINING OSMOTIC EQUILIBRIUM 639
SURVIVAL UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS: NATURAL AND PRESERVED STATES 643
SUMMARY 651
References 652
STUDY QUESTIONS 655
Index 658