Flight Dynamics Principles (eBook)

Front cover 1
Flight Dynamics Principles 4
Copyright page 5
Contents 6
Preface to the first edition 10
Preface to the second edition 12
Acknowledgements 14
Nomenclature 16
Chapter 1. Introduction 24
1.1 Overview 24
1.2 Flying and handling qualities 26
1.3 General considerations 27
1.4 Aircraft equations of motion 30
1.5 Aerodynamics 30
1.6 Computers 31
1.7 Summary 33
References 34
Chapter 2. Systems of axes and notation 35
2.1 Earth axes 35
2.2 Aircraft body fixed axes 36
2.3 Euler angles and aircraft attitude 41
2.4 Axes transformations 41
2.5 Aircraft reference geometry 47
2.6 Controls notation 50
2.7 Aerodynamic reference centres 51
References 53
Problems 53
Chapter 3. Static equilibrium and trim 55
3.1 Trim equilibrium 55
3.2 The pitching moment equation 63
3.3 Longitudinal static stability 67
3.4 Lateral static stability 76
3.5 Directional static stability 77
3.6 Calculation of aircraft trim condition 80
References 87
Problems 87
Chapter 4. The equations of motion 89
4.1 The equations of motion of a rigid symmetric aircraft 89
4.2 The linearised equations of motion 96
4.3 The decoupled equations of motion 102
4.4 Alternative forms of the equations of motion 105
References 118
Problems 119
Chapter 5. The solution of the equations of motion 121
5.1 Methods of solution 121
5.2 Cramer's rule 122
5.3 Aircraft response transfer functions 124
5.4 Response to controls 131
5.5 Acceleration response transfer functions 135
5.6 The state space method 137
5.7 State space model augmentation 151
References 157
Problems 157
Chapter 6. Longitudinal dynamics 161
6.1 Response to controls 161
6.2 The dynamic stability modes 167
6.3 Reduced order models 170
6.4 Frequency response 181
6.5 Flying and handling qualities 188
6.6 Mode excitation 190
References 193
Problems 194
Chapter 7. Lateral–directional dynamics 197
7.1 Response to controls 197
7.2 The dynamic stability modes 206
7.3 Reduced order models 211
7.4 Frequency response 218
7.5 Flying and handling qualities 223
7.6 Mode excitation 225
References 229
Problems 229
Chapter 8. Manoeuvrability 233
8.1 Introduction 233
8.2 The steady pull-up manoeuvre 235
8.3 The pitching moment equation 237
8.4 Longitudinal manoeuvre stability 239
8.5 Aircraft dynamics and manoeuvrability 245
References 246
Chapter 9. Stability 247
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 The characteristic equation 250
9.3 The Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion 250
9.4 The stability quartic 254
9.5 Graphical interpretation of stability 257
References 261
Problems 261
Chapter 10. Flying and handling qualities 263
10.1 Introduction 263
10.2 Short term dynamic models 264
10.3 Flying qualities requirements 272
10.4 Aircraft role 274
10.5 Pilot opinion rating 278
10.6 Longitudinal flying qualities requirements 279
10.7 Control anticipation parameter 283
10.8 Lateral–directional flying qualities requirements 286
10.9 Flying qualities requirements on the s-plane 289
References 294
Problems 295
Chapter 11. Stability augmentation 297
11.1 Introduction 297
11.2 Augmentation system design 303
11.3 Closed loop system analysis 306
11.4 The root locus plot 310
11.5 Longitudinal stability augmentation 316
11.6 Lateral–directional stability augmentation 323
11.7 The pole placement method 334
References 339
Problems 339
Chapter 12. Aerodynamic modelling 343
12.1 Introduction 343
12.2 Quasi-static derivatives 344
12.3 Derivative estimation 346
12.4 The effects of compressibility 350
12.5 Limitations of aerodynamic modelling 358
References 359
Chapter 13. Aerodynamic stability and control derivatives 360
13.1 Introduction 360
13.2 Longitudinal aerodynamic stability derivatives 360
13.3 Lateral–directional aerodynamic stability derivatives 373
13.4 Aerodynamic control derivatives 394
13.5 North American derivative coefficient notation 400
References 408
Problems 408
Chapter 14. Coursework Studies 413
14.1 Introduction 413
14.2 Working the assignments 413
14.3 Reporting 413
Assignment 1. Stability augmentation of the North American X-15 hypersonic research aeroplane 414
Assignment 2. The stability and control characteristics of a civil transport aeroplane with relaxed longitudinal static stability 415
Assignment 3. Lateral–directional handling qualities design for the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter aircraft 419
Assignment 4. Analysis of the effects of Mach number on the longitudinal stability and control characteristics of the LTV A7-A Corsair aircraft 424
Appendices 428
1 AeroTrim – A Symmetric Trim Calculator for Subsonic Flight Conditions 428
2 Definitions of Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives 435
3 Aircraft Response Transfer Functions Referred to Aircraft Body Axes 442
4 Units, Conversions and Constants 448
5 A Very Short Table of Laplace Transforms 449
6 The Dynamics of a Linear Second Order System 450
7 North American Aerodynamic Derivative Notation 454
8 Approximate Expressions for the Dimensionless Aerodynamic Stability and Control Derivatives 457
9 The Transformation of Aerodynamic Stability Derivatives from a Body Axes Reference to a Wind Axes Reference 461
10 The Transformation of the Moments and Products of Inertia from a Body Axes Reference to a Wind Axes Reference 471
11 The Root Locus Plot 474
Index 480
A 480
B 481
C 481
D 482
E 483
F 484
G 484
H 484
I 484
J 485
K 485
L 485
M 485
N 486
O 487
P 487
Q 487
R 487
S 489
T 490
U 490
V 490
W 491
Y 491