Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 10
Preface 6
List of Contributors 12
Section 1: Basidiomycete Life-Style 16
Chapter 1. Mycelial Networks: Structure and Dynamics 18
1. Introduction 19
2. Mycelia within Organic Substrata 19
3. Mycelia Foraging between Relatively Homogeneously Distributed Resources 20
4. Mycelia Foraging between Resources Distributed Heterogeneously in Space and Time 22
5. Analysis of Network Architecture and Function 26
Acknowledgements 30
References 30
Chapter 2. Enzymes of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes 34
1. Introduction 35
2. Decomposition of Biopolymers 35
3. Specific Aspects of Enzymology of Basidiomycetes from Different Habitats 45
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives in the Enzymology of Decomposer Basidiomycetes 50
Acknowledgements 50
References 51
Chapter 3. Mycelial Networks: Nutrient Uptake, Translocation and Role in Ecosystems 58
1. Introduction 59
2. Incorporating Fungal Processes in Predictive Models of Forest Floor Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics 63
3. Future Prospects 70
Acknowledgements 73
References 73
Chapter 4. Ecophysiology: Impact of Environment on Growth, Synthesis of Compatible Solutes and Enzyme Production 78
1. Introduction 79
2. Effects of Temperature and Water Availability on Growth 79
3. Enzyme Production in Relation to Environmental Factors 89
References 92
Chapter 5. Fruit Bodies: Their Production and Development in Relation to Environment 94
1. Introduction 95
2. Physiological Factors Favouring Fruit Body Production 101
3. Fruit Body Survival 111
4. Principles of Fungal Developmental Biology 113
References 114
Chapter 6. Population Biology of Forest Decomposer Basidiomycetes 120
1. What is a Population? 120
2. The Functional Fungal Individual 121
3. Delimiting the Population 124
4. Population Dynamics 127
5. Insect Vectors 130
6. Rafting 131
7. Man as a Vector 131
Acknowledgements 132
References 132
Section 2: Interactions with other Organisms 138
Chapter 7. Interactions between Saprotrophic Fungi 140
1. Introduction 141
2. Mechanisms of Interactions 141
3. Interaction Chemistry: Volatile and Diffusible Organic Compounds 143
4. Interaction Chemistry: Enzyme Production 145
5. Interactions Following Contact: Parasitism and Hyphal Interference 146
6. Gross Mycelial Contact 147
7. Investigating Interactions 149
8. Ecological Significance of Fungal-Fungal Interactions 150
9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives 152
References 153
Chapter 8. Interactions between Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes and Bacteria 158
1. Introduction 159
2. Conclusions and Perspectives 166
References 166
Chapter 9. Interactions between Basidiomycota and Invertebrates 170
1. Introduction 171
2. Direct Positive Effects of Basidiomycota on Invertebrates: Fruit Bodies and Mycelia as Food and Habitat 171
3. Direct Negative Effects on Invertebrates: Killing by Basidiomycota 176
4. Direct Effects of Invertebrates on Fungi: Mycophagy 176
5. Invertebrate Effects on Fungal Community Structure 179
6. Effects on Invertebrate Behaviour 180
7. Improvement of Nutritional Environment for Invertebrates 184
8. Invertebrate Assistance in Dispersal, and Facilitation of Colonization of Resources 185
9. Invertebrate Effects on the Physical and Chemical Environment 186
10. Invertebrate Effects on Fungal Physiology and Metabolism 186
11. Ecosystem Processes Consequences 186
12. Consequences of Global Environmental Change 187
13. Conclusion 189
References 189
Section 3: Basidiomycete Communities: Structure and Function 196
Chapter 10. Distribution and Function of Litter Basidiomycetes in Coniferous Forests 198
1. Introduction 199
2. Fungal Succession and Interactions in Forest Litter: A Molecular Approach 199
3. Nitrogen and Carbon Cycling by Litter Saprotrophs 204
Acknowledgements 208
References 209
Chapter 11. Distribution and Role of Mat-Forming Saprobic Basidiomycetes in a Tropical Forest 212
1. Introduction 213
2. The Role of Basidiomycete Litter Decomposers in Nutrient Cycling 213
3. Basidiomycete Effects on Decomposition Rates 214
4. Litter Mat Abundance Along an Elevation Gradient 215
5. Effects of Nitrogen Addition on Litter Basidiomycetes 216
6. Movement of Basidiomycete Litter Mats 219
7. Basidiomycete Responses to Moisture 220
8. Effects of Basidiomycete Litter Mats on Erosion 220
9. Summary and Future Work 221
Acknowledgments 222
References 222
Chapter 12. Basidiomycete Community Development in Temperate Angiosperm Wood 226
1. Introduction 227
2. Fungal Strategies in Decaying Wood 228
3. Dead Wood as a Habitat for Wood Decay Fungi 235
4. Community Development Pathways 239
References 246
Chapter 13. Wood-Decay Basidiomycetes in Boreal Forests: Distribution and Community Development 254
1. Introduction 254
2. The Importance of Boreal Wood 256
3. The Decay Community Complex 257
4. Geographic Distribution Zones 258
5. Approaches for Studying the Community 262
6. Community Development in Wood Resource Units 265
7. Stand and Landscape Level 267
8. Disturbance Regimes 268
Acknowledgements 271
References 271
Chapter 14. Distribution Patterns of Wood-Decay Basidiomycetes at the Landscape to Global Scale 278
1. Introduction 279
2. Continents, Glaciations, Bioregions: What do we know about their Relevance for Distribution Patterns of Wood-Decay Fungi? 279
3. Climate as a Factor Affecting Distribution of Wood-Decay Fungi 280
4. Impact of Man on Current Distribution of Wood-Decay Fungi in Europe 281
References 288
Chapter 15. Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes in Grasslands: Distribution and Function 292
1. Introduction 293
2. What is Grassland? 293
3. Functional Groups of Grassland Fungi 296
4. Detection of Grassland Fungi 302
5. Contribution of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes to Nutrient Cycling and Soil Structure 304
6. Effects of Grassland Management and Climate Change 306
7. Conclusion 307
Acknowledgements 308
References 308
Chapter 16. Ecology of Marine and Freshwater Basidiomycetes 316
1. Introduction 316
2. Aquatic Basidiomycetes and their Taxonomic Relationship 323
3. Occurrence and Distribution of Aquatic Basidiomycetes 325
4. Limitations of an Aquatic Habitat for Basidiomycetes 330
5. Adaptation to an Aquatic Habitat 330
6. Utilization of Substrata 331
7. Concluding Remarks 334
Acknowledgements 334
References 334
Chapter 17. Conservation: Selection Criteria and Approaches 340
1. Introduction 340
2. Fungi as Focal Species in Conservation 343
3. Conservation of Saprotrophic Fungi in Europe 351
References 358
Colour Section 364
Species Index 372
Subject Index 380