Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Counterterrorist Detection Techniques of Explosives 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 8
Introduction 10
About the Editor 12
Contributors 14
Chapter 1 Detection of Explosives by Chemiluminescence 16
1. Introduction 18
2. Chemiluminescence systems in explosive analysis 23
3. Using chemiluminescence as detection technology in security 51
References 52
Chapter 2 Detection of Explosives by Mass Spectrometry 56
1. Introduction 58
2. Mass spectrometry – principles of operation 58
3. Detection of explosives by mass spectrometry methods 63
4. Miniature and mobile mass spectrometers 69
5. Conclusions 73
References 73
Chapter 3 Explosives Detection Using Differential Mobility Spectrometry 76
1. Introduction 78
2. Background and principles of DMS 82
3. Technology of DMS 88
4. Studies of explosives by field asymmetric IMS 91
5. Explosives determination with a micro-fabricated differential mobility spectrometer 93
6. Fast GC with DMS 95
7. The EGIS Defender: a commercial high-speed GC–DMS analyzer 100
8. Next developments in DMS and IMS determinations of explosives 100
9. Conclusions 103
Acknowledgments 103
References 103
Chapter 4 Electrochemical Sensing of Explosives 106
1. Introduction 108
2. Electrochemistry of explosive materials 109
3. Easy-to-use disposable electrode strips for explosives 110
4. Real-time electrochemical monitoring 111
5. Lab-on-a-chip electrochemical detection of explosives 117
6. Conclusions 121
Acknowledgments 121
References 121
Chapter 5 Explosive Vapor Detection Using Microcantilever Sensors 124
1. Introduction 126
2. Theory 127
3. Apparatus 129
4. PARC for analyte identification 133
5. Results and discussion 136
6. Conclusions 143
Acknowledgments 144
References 144
Chapter 6 Neutron Techniques for Detection of Explosives 146
1. Introduction 148
2. Neutron techniques 150
3. Practical issues 156
4. Summary 166
References 168
Chapter 7 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Detection of Explosives 172
1. Introduction 174
2. Basic NQR Physics 174
3. NQR detection hardware 182
4. Signal excitation methods 192
5. NQR explosives detection 200
6. Outlook 208
References 208
Chapter 8 X-ray Diffraction Imaging for Explosives Detection 214
1. Introduction and history of X-ray diffraction imaging 216
2. Physical principles of XDI 221
3. XRD characterization of explosives 235
4. Tomographic imaging techniques 236
5. Next-generation XDI 242
6. Future outlook 247
Acknowledgments 248
References 248
Chapter 9 Detection of Explosives by Millimeter-wave Imaging 252
1. Introduction 254
2. Background 255
3. Millimeter-wave imaging system architectures and components 260
4. Imaging system design considerations 264
5. Millimeter-wave imaging systems and results 269
6. Conclusion 287
Acknowledgments 288
References 289
Chapter 10 Laser-based Detection Methods of Explosives 294
1. Introduction 296
2. Detection of explosives using laser-based vibrational spectroscopy 296
3. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) 307
4. Other laser-based methods for explosive detection 314
References 331
Chapter 11 Detection of Explosives by Terahertz Imaging 338
1. Introduction 340
2. Terahertz radiation 341
3. Terahertz imaging techniques 350
4. Interferometric imaging with terahertz 357
5. Experimental terahertz imaging 362
6. Interferometric image analysis 371
7. Conclusions and challenges 376
Acknowledgments 377
References 377
Chapter 12 Explosives Detection Personnel Portals 382
1. Introduction 384
2. Trace and anomaly portal technologies: overview 385
3. Trace detection portal: background 386
4. Anomaly detection portals 398
5. Future development of personnel portals 405
References 405
Chapter 13 Biological Detection of Explosives 410
1. Introduction 412
2. Canine detection 412
3. Instrumental options 417
4. Choosing between canine and instrumental detection 419
5. Alternative biological detectors 422
6. The canines take on explosives 423
7. Conducting the certification 439
8. Conclusions 444
References 445
Index 448