Vitamin D (eBook)

9780122526879v1 1
Front Cover 1
Vitamin D 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
List of Contributors 14
Preface to the 2nd Edition 22
Preface to the 1st Edition 24
Abbreviations 26
Introduction 32
Chapter 1. Historical Perspective 34
Section I: CHEMISTRY, METABOLISM, AND CIRCULATION 44
Chapter 2. Vitamin D Metabolism 46
Chapter 3. Photobiology of Vitamin D 68
Chapter 4. The Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase 78
Chapter 5. The 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1- -Hydroxylase 100
Chapter 6. The 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 24-Hydroxylase 116
Chapter 7. Mutant Mouse Models of Vitamin D Metabolic Enzymes 136
Chapter 8. Vitamin D Binding Protein 148
Chapter 9. New Aspects of DBP 166
Chapter 10. Endocytic Pathways for 25-(OH) Vitamin D3 184
Section II: MECHANISM OF ACTION 196
Chapter 11. The Vitamin D Receptor 198
Chapter 12. Vitamin D Receptor Promoter and Regulation of Receptor Expression 224
Chapter 13. Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor: Structure-Function, Molecular Control of Gene Transcription, and Novel Bioactions 250
Chapter 14. Vitamin D Receptor Cofactors: Function, Regulation, and Selectivity 294
Chapter 15. VDR LBD Crystal Structures 310
Chapter 16. Comodulators of VDR-Mediated Gene Expression 322
Chapter 17. Promoter Targeting of VDR Through A Chromatin Remodeling Complex 336
Chapter 18. Molecular Basis of the Diversity of Vitamin D Target Genes 344
Chapter 19. Intranuclear Organization of the Regulatory Machinery for Vitamin D-Mediated Control of Skeletal Gene Expression 358
Chapter 20. Mouse Models of Vitamin D Receptor Ablation 372
Chapter 21. Intranuclear Vitamin D Response Element Binding Proteins 382
Chapter 22. VDR and RXR Subcellular Trafficking 394
Chapter 23. 1 ,25(OH)2–Vitamin D3 Mediated Rapid and Genomic Responses are Dependent upon Critical Structure–Function Relationships for Both the Ligand and Receptor(s) 412
Section III: MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS 440
Chapter 24. Vitamin D and the Intestinal Absorption of Calcium: A View and Overview 442
Chapter 25. Intestinal Calcium Absorption: Lessons from Knockout Mice and Men 460
Chapter 26. Phosphate Homeostasis 484
Chapter 27. Mineralization 508
Chapter 28. Modeling and Remodeling: How Bone Cells Work Together 528
Chapter 29. Vitamin D and the Kidney 562
Chapter 30. Vitamin D and the Parathyroids 584
Chapter 31. Calcium-Sensing Receptor 598
Section IV: TARGET ORGANS AND TISSUES 610
Chapter 32. Bone 612
Chapter 33. Cartilage and Vitamin D: Genomic and Nongenomic Regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 622
Chapter 34. Dento-alveolar Bone Complex and Vitamin D 646
Chapter 35. Vitamin D: Role in Skin and Hair 656
Chapter 36. Regulation of Immune Responses by Vitamin D Receptor Ligands 678
Chapter 37. Vitamin D and Osteoblasts 696
Chapter 38. Vitamin D and Osteoclastogenesis 712
Chapter 39. Vitamin D Control of the Calcitonin Gene in Thyroid C Cells 734
Chapter 40. Vitamin D Regulation of Type I Collagen Expression in Bone 750
Chapter 41. Target Genes: Bone Proteins 758
Chapter 42. The Calbindins: Calbindin-D9K and Calbindin-D28K 768
Chapter 43. Target Genes: PTHrP 784
Chapter 44. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels in the Vitamin D Endocrine System 798
Chapter 45. Vitamin D and the Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress 808
Section V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY 818
Chapter 46. Vitamin D: Role in the Calcium Economy 820
Chapter 47. Effects of Race, Geography, Body Habitus, Diet, and Exercise on Vitamin D Metabolism 836
Chapter 48. Perinatal Vitamin D Actions 850
Chapter 49. Vitamin D Deficiency and Calcium Absorption During Infancy and Childhood 858
Chapter 50. Vitamin D Metabolism and Aging 870
Chapter 51. Vitamin D Metabolism in Pregnancy and Lactation 886
Chapter 52. Vitamin D and Reproductive Organs 898
Chapter 53. Vitamin D Receptor as a Sensor for Toxic Bile Acids 910
Chapter 54. Vitamin D and the Renin-Angiotensin System 918
Chapter 55. Vitamin D and Muscle 930
Chapter 56. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Medicine 946
9780122526879v2 958
Front Cover 958
Vitamin D 961
Copyright Page 962
Contents 967
List of Contributors 971
Preface to the 2nd Edition 979
Preface to the 1st Edition 981
Abbreviations 983
Section VI: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT 989
Chapter 57. Approach to the Patient with Metabolic Bone Disease 991
Chapter 58. Detection of Vitamin D and Its Major Metabolites 1009
Chapter 59. Bone Histomorphometry 1029
Chapter 60. Radiology of Rickets and Osteomalacia 1045
Chapter 61. The Pharmacology of Vitamin D, Including Fortification Strategies 1073
Section VII: DISORDERS OF THE VITAMIN D ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1095
Chapter 62. How to Define Normal Values for Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D? An Overview 1097
Chapter 63. Vitamin D and the Pathogenesis of Rickets and Osteomalacia 1107
Chapter 64. The Hypocalcemic Disorders: Differential Diagnosis and Therapeutic Use of Vitamin D 1127
Chapter 65. Vitamin D Deficiency and Nutritional Rickets in Children 1143
Chapter 66. Vitamin D Insufficiency in Adults and the Elderly 1163
Chapter 67. Vitamin D and Osteoporosis 1179
Chapter 68. Genetic Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Risk of Disease 1199
Chapter 69. Clinical Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis 1237
Chapter 70. Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism: Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemic Rickets, Tumor Induced Osteomalacia, Fibrous Dysplasia, and the Pathophysiological Relevance of FGF23 1267
Chapter 71. Vitamin D Pseudodeficiency 1275
Chapter 72. Hereditary 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Resistant Rickets 1285
Chapter 73. Glucocorticoids and Vitamin D 1317
Chapter 74. Drug and Hormone Effects on Vitamin D Metabolism 1331
Chapter 75. Bone Disorders Associated with Gastrointestinal & Hepatobiliary Disease
Chapter 76. Vitamin D and Renal Failure 1391
Chapter 77. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria and Nephrolithiasis 1417
Chapter 78. Hypercalcemia Due to Vitamin D Toxicity 1433
Chapter 79. Extra-renal 1 -hydroxylase Activity and Human Disease 1457
Section VIII: NEW VITAMIN D ANALOGS 1479
Overview 1481
Chapter 80. Overview: Rational Design of 1 ,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogs (Deltanoids) 1483
Chapter 81. Analog Metabolism 1501
Chapter 82. Mechanisms for the Selective Actions of Vitamin D Analogs 1527
Chapter 83. Molecular Basis for Differential Action of Vitamin D Analogs 1549
Chapter 84. Development of New Vitamin D Analogs 1567
Chapter 85. Gemini: The 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D Analogs with Two Side-Chains 1589
Chapter 86. Development of OCT and ED-71 1603
Chapter 87. 2-Carbon-Modified Analogs of 19-Nor-1 , 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 1621
Chapter 88. Non-steroidal Analogs 1635
Section IX: VITAMIN D AND CANCER 1647
Chapter 89. Vitamin D: Cancer and Differentiation 1649
Chapter 90. Vitamin D, Sunlight, and the Natural History of Prostate Cancer 1677
Chapter 91. Epidemiology of Cancer Risk: Vitamin D and Calcium 1695
Chapter 92. Differentiation and the Cell Cycle 1713
Chapter 93. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer 1741
Chapter 94. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer 1757
Chapter 95. Vitamin D and Colon Cancer 1787
Chapter 96. Vitamin D and Hematological Malignancy 1805
Chapter 97. Clinical Development of Calcitriol and Calcitriol Analogs in Oncology: Progress and Considerations for Future Development 1819
Section X: EMERGING USES 1829
Chapter 98. Vitamin D3: Autoimmunity and Immunosuppression 1831
Chapter 99. Vitamin D and Diabetes 1841
Chapter 100. Vitamin D, A Neuroactive Hormone: From Brain Development to Neurodegenerative Disorders 1857
Chapter 101. Psoriasis and Other Skin Diseases 1869
Chapter 102. Muscles and Falls 1883
Chapter 103. Renal Failure and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism 1899
Chapter 104. Inhibition of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Vitamin D Receptor Ligands 1911
Index 1923