Chemical Engineering Volume 2 (eBook)

Cover 1
Contents 6
Preface 18
Acknowledgements 30
Introduction 32
Chapter 1. Particulate Solids 36
1.1 Introduction 36
1.2 Particle characterisation 37
1.3 Particulate solids in bulk 57
1.4 Blending of solid particles 65
1.5 Classification of solid particles 72
1.6 Separation of suspended solid particles from fluids 102
1.7 Further reading 126
1.8 References 127
1.9 Nomenclature 128
Chapter 2. Particle size reduction and enlargement 130
2.1 Introduction 130
2.2 Size reduction of solids 130
2.3 Types of crushing equipment 141
2.4 Size enlargement of particles 172
2.5 Further reading 178
2.6 References 178
2.7 Nomenclature 179
Chapter 3. Motion of particles in a fluid 181
3.1 Introduction 181
3.2 Flow past a cylinder and a sphere 181
3.3 The drag force on a spherical particle 184
3.4 Non-spherical particles 199
3.5 Motion of bubbles and drops 203
3.6 Drag forces and settling velocities for particles in non-Newtonian Fluids 204
3.7 Accelerating motion of a particle in the gravitational Field 208
3.8 Motion of particles in a centrifugal Field 220
3.9 Further reading 222
3.10 References 223
3.11 Nomenclature 224
Chapter 4. Flow of fluids through granular beds and packed columns 226
4.1 Introduction 226
4.2 Flow of a single fluid through a granular bed 226
4.3 Dispersion 240
4.4 Heat transfer in packed beds 246
4.5 Packed columns 247
4.6 Further reading 267
4.7 References 267
4.8 Nomenclature 269
Chapter 5. Sedimentation 272
5.1 Introduction 272
5.2 Sedimentation of Fine particles 272
5.3 Sedimentation of coarse particles 302
5.4 Further reading 321
5.5 References 321
5.6 Nomenclature 323
Chapter 6. Fluidisation 326
6.1 Characteristics of fluidised systems 326
6.2 Liquid–solids systems 337
6.3 Gas–solids systems 350
6.4 Gas–liquid–solids fluidised beds 368
6.5 Heat transfer to a boundary surface 369
6.6 Mass and heat transfer between fluid and particles 378
6.7 Summary of the properties of fluidised beds 392
6.8 Applications of the fluidised solids technique 393
6.9 Further reading 399
6.10 References 399
6.11 Nomenclature 404
Chapter 7. Liquid filtration 407
7.1 Introduction 407
7.2 Filtration theory 409
7.3 Filtration practice 417
7.4 Filtration equipment 422
7.5 Further reading 469
7.6 References 470
7.7 Nomenclature 470
Chapter 8. Membrane separation processes 472
8.1 Introduction 472
8.2 Classification of membrane processes 472
8.3 The nature of synthetic membranes 473
8.4 General membrane equation 477
8.5 Cross-flow microfitration 477
8.6 Ultrafiltration 481
8.7 Reverse osmosis 487
8.8 Membrane modules and plant configuration 490
8.9 Membrane fouling 499
8.10 Electrodialysis 500
8.11 Reverse osmosis water treatment plant 502
8.12 Pervaporation 504
8.13 Liquid membranes 506
8.14 Gas separations 507
8.15 Further reading 507
8.16 References 508
8.17 Nomenclature 509
Chapter 9. Centrifugal separations 510
9.1 Introduction 510
9.2 Shape of the free surface of the liquid 511
9.3 Centrifugal pressure 512
9.4 Separation of immiscible liquids of different densities 513
9.5 Sedimentation in a centrifugal field 515
9.6 Filtration in a centrifuge 520
9.7 Mechanical design 524
9.8 Centrifugal equipment 524
9.9 Further reading 535
9.10 References 535
9.11 Nomenclature 536
Chapter 10. Leaching 537
10.1 Introduction 537
10.2 Mass transfer in leaching operations 538
10.3 Equipment for leaching 541
10.4 Countercurrent washing of solids 550
10.5 Calculation of the number of stages 554
10.6 Number of stages for countercurrent washing by graphical methods 561
10.7 Further reading 575
10.8 References 575
10.9 Nomenclature 575
Chapter 11. Distillation 577
11.1 Introduction 577
11.2 Vapour–liquid equilibrium 577
11.3 Methods of distillation„two component mixtures 590
11.4 The fractionating column 594
11.5 Conditions for varying overflow in non-ideal binary systems 616
11.6 Batch distillation 627
11.7 Multicomponent mixtures 634
11.8 Azeotropic and extractive distillation 651
11.9 Steam distillation 656
11.10 Plate columns 660
11.11 Packed columns for distillation 673
11.12 Further reading 684
11.13 References 684
11.14 Nomenclature 687
Chapter 12. Absorption of gases 691
12.1 Introduction 691
12.2 Conditions of equilibrium between liquid and gas 692
12.3 The mechanism of absorption 693
12.4 Determination of transfer coefficients 701
12.5 Absorption associated with chemical reaction 710
12.6 Absorption accompanied by the liberation of heat 716
12.7 Packed towers for gas absorption 717
12.8 Plate towers for gas absorption 737
12.9 Other equipment for gas absorption 744
12.10 Further reading 749
12.11 References 750
12.12 Nomenclature 752
Chapter 13. Liquid–liquid extraction 756
13.1 Introduction 756
13.2 Extraction processes 757
13.3 Equilibrium data 760
13.4 Calculation of the number of theoretical stages 763
13.5 Classification of extraction equipment 777
13.6 Stage-wise equipment for extraction 779
13.7 Differential contact equipment for extraction 785
13.8 Use of specialised fluids 798
13.9 Further reading 801
13.10 References 802
13.11 Nomenclature 804
Chapter 14. Evaporation 806
14.1 Introduction 806
14.2 Heat transfer in evaporators 806
14.3 Single-effect evaporators 813
14.4 Multiple-effect evaporators 815
14.5 Improved efficiency in evaporation 826
14.6 Evaporator operation 837
14.7 Equipment for evaporation 840
14.8 Further reading 858
14.9 References 858
14.10 Nomenclature 860
Chapter 15. Crystallisation 862
15.1 Introduction 862
15.2 Crystallisation fundamentals 863
15.3 Crystallisation from solutions 888
15.4 Crystallisation from melts 903
15.5 Crystallisation from vapours 910
15.6 Fractional crystallisation 920
15.7 Freeze crystallisation 923
15.8 High pressure crystallisation 925
15.9 Further reading 928
15.10 References 929
15.11 Nomenclature 932
Chapter 16. Drying 936
16.1 Introduction 936
16.2 General principles 936
16.3 Rate of drying 939
16.4 The mechanism of moisture movement during drying 947
16.5 Drying equipment 953
16.6 Specialised drying methods 992
16.7 The drying of gases 998
16.8 Further reading 999
16.9 References 1000
16.10 Nomenclature 1002
Chapter 17. Adsorption 1005
17.1 Introduction 1005
17.2 The nature of adsorbents 1009
17.3 Adsorption equilibria 1014
17.4 Multicomponent adsorption 1028
17.5 Adsorption from liquids 1029
17.6 Structure of adsorbents 1029
17.7 Kinetic effects 1037
17.8 Adsorption equipment 1043
17.9 Regeneration of spent adsorbent 1061
17.10 Further reading 1082
17.11 References 1082
17.12 Nomenclature 1084
Chapter 18. Ion Exchange 1088
18.1 Introduction 1088
18.2 Ion exchange resins 1089
18.3 Resin capacity 1089
18.4 Equilibrium 1091
18.5 Exchange kinetics 1095
18.6 Ion exchange equipment 1101
18.7 Further reading 1108
18.8 References 1108
18.9 Nomenclature 1109
Chapter 19. Chromatographic separations 1111
19.1 Introduction 1111
19.2 Elution chromatography 1112
19.3 Band broadening and separation efficiency 1115
19.4 Types of chromatography 1118
19.5 Large–scale elution (cyclic batch) chromatography 1123
19.6 Selective adsorption of proteins 1128
19.7 Simulated countercurrent techniques 1131
19.8 Combined reaction and separation 1133
19.9 Comparison with other separation methods 1134
19.10 Further reading 1135
19.11 References 1135
19.12 Nomenclature 1138
Chapter 20. Product design and process intensification 1139
20.1 Product design 1139
20.2 Process intensification 1145
20.3 Further reading 1169
20.4 References 1169
Appendix 1172
A1. Steam Tables 1173
A2. Conversion Factors for common SI units 1182
Problems 1184