Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines (eBook)

Front cover 1
Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines 4
Copyright page 5
Preface 6
Table of contents 8
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Power Quality 22
1.1 DEFINITION OF POWER QUALITY 22
1.2 CAUSES OF DISTURBANCES IN POWER SYSTEMS 22
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF POWER QUALITY ISSUES 24
1.4 FORMULATIONS AND MEASURES USED FOR POWER QUALITY 34
1.5 EFFECTS OF POOR POWER QUALITY ON POWER SYSTEM DEVICES 50
1.6 STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES REFERRING TO POWER QUALITY 50
1.7 HARMONIC MODELING PHILOSOPHIES 55
1.8 POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES 57
1.9 SUMMARY 63
1.10 PROBLEMS 65
1.11 REFERENCES 73
1.12 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 75
CHAPTER 2: Harmonic Models of Transformers 76
2.1 SINUSOIDAL (LINEAR) MODELING OF TRANSFORMERS 76
2.2 HARMONIC LOSSES IN TRANSFORMERS 77
2.3 DERATING OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS 81
2.4 NONLINEAR HARMONIC MODELS OF TRANSFORMERS 85
2.5 FERRORESONANCE OF POWER TRANSFORMERS 96
2.6 EFFECTS OF SOLAR-GEOMAGNETIC DISTURBANCES ON POWER SYSTEMS AND TRANSFORMERS 102
2.7 GROUNDING 105
2.8 MEASUREMENT OF DERATING OF THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS 110
2.9 SUMMARY 119
2.10 PROBLEMS 119
2.11 REFERENCES 125
2.12 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 128
CHAPTER 3: Modeling and Analysis of Induction Machines 130
3.1 COMPLETE SINUSOIDAL EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE 131
3.2 MAGNETIC FIELDS OF THREE-PHASE MACHINES FOR THE CALCULATION OF INDUCTIVE MACHINE PARAMETERS 134
3.3 STEADY-STATE STABILITY OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE 139
3.4 SPATIAL (SPACE) HARMONICS OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE 141
3.5 TIME HARMONICS OF A THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE 143
3.6 FUNDAMENTAL AND HARMONIC TORQUES OF AN INDUCTION MACHINE 144
3.7 MEASUREMENT RESULTS FOR THREE- AND SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 148
3.8 INTER- AND SUBHARMONIC TORQUES OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 153
3.9 INTERACTION OF SPACE AND TIME HARMONICS OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 155
3.10 CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING INDUCTION MACHINE HARMONICS 156
3.11 VOLTAGE-STRESS WINDING FAILURES OF AC MOTORS FED BY VARIABLE-FREQUENCY, VOLTAGE- AND CURRENT-SOURCE PWM INVERTERS 157
3.12 NONLINEAR HARMONIC MODELS OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 162
3.13 STATIC AND DYNAMIC ROTOR ECCENTRICITY OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 164
3.14 OPERATION OF THREE-PHASE MACHINES WITHIN A SINGLE-PHASE POWER SYSTEM 165
3.15 CLASSIFICATION OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINES 165
3.16 SUMMARY 166
3.17 PROBLEMS 166
3.18 REFERENCES 171
3.19 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 174
CHAPTER 4: Modeling and Analysis of Synchronous Machines 176
4.1 SINUSOIDAL STATE-SPACE MODELING OF A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE IN THE TIME DOMAIN 177
4.2 STEADY-STATE, TRANSIENT, AND SUBTRANSIENT OPERATION 179
4.3 HARMONIC MODELING OF A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 198
4.4 SUMMARY 215
4.5 PROBLEMS 216
4.6 REFERENCES 225
4.7 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 228
CHAPTER 5: Interaction of Harmonics with Capacitors 230
5.1 APPLICATION OF CAPACITORS TO POWER-FACTOR CORRECTION 230
5.2 APPLICATION OF CAPACITORS TO REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 234
5.3 APPLICATION OF CAPACITORS TO HARMONIC FILTERING 235
5.4 POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAPACITORS 235
5.5 FREQUENCY AND CAPACITANCE SCANNING 238
5.6 HARMONIC CONSTRAINTS FOR CAPACITORS 239
5.7 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS OF CAPACITORS 242
5.8 SUMMARY 243
5.9 PROBLEMS 244
5.10 REFERENCES 247
CHAPTER 6: Lifetime Reduction of Transformers and Induction Machines 248
6.1 RATIONALE FOR RELYING ON THE WORST-CASE CONDITIONS 249
6.2 ELEVATED TEMPERATURE RISE DUE TO VOLTAGE HARMONICS 249
6.3 WEIGHTED-HARMONIC FACTORS 249
6.4 EXPONENTS OF WEIGHTED-HARMONIC FACTORS 257
6.5 ADDITIONAL LOSSES OR TEMPERATURE RISES VERSUS WEIGHTED-HARMONIC FACTORS 259
6.6 ARRHENIUS PLOTS 261
6.7 REACTION RATE EQUATION 261
6.8 DECREASE OF LIFETIME DUE TO AN ADDITIONAL TEMPERATURE RISE 262
6.9 REDUCTION OF LIFETIME OF COMPONENTS WITH ACTIVATION ENERGY E = 1.1 EV DUE TO HARMONICS OF THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE WITHIN RESIDENTIAL OR COMMERCIAL UTILITY SYSTEMS 263
6.10 POSSIBLE LIMITS FOR HARMONIC VOLTAGES 263
6.11 PROBABILISTIC AND TIME-VARYING NATURE OF HARMONICS 265
6.12 THE COST OF HARMONICS 265
6.13 TEMPERATURE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME 265
6.14 VARIOUS OPERATING MODES OF ROTATING MACHINES 266
6.15 SUMMARY 273
6.16 PROBLEMS 274
6.17 REFERENCES 279
CHAPTER 7: Power System Modeling under Nonsinusoidal Operating Conditions 282
7.1 OVERVIEW OF A MODERN POWER SYSTEM 282
7.2 POWER SYSTEM MATRICES 284
7.3 FUNDAMENTAL POWER FLOW 291
7.4 NEWTON-BASED HARMONIC POWER FLOW 298
7.5 CLASSIFICATION OF HARMONIC POWER FLOW TECHNIQUES 308
7.6 SUMMARY 314
7.7 PROBLEMS 315
7.8 REFERENCES 320
CHAPTER 8: Impact of Poor Power Quality on Reliability, Relaying, and Security 322
8.1 RELIABILITY INDICES 322
8.2 DEGRADATION OF RELIABILITY AND SECURITY DUE TO POOR POWER QUALITY 324
8.3 TOOLS FOR DETECTING POOR POWER QUALITY 337
8.4 TOOLS FOR IMPROVING RELIABILITY AND SECURITY 347
8.5 LOAD SHEDDING AND LOAD MANAGEMENT 357
8.6 ENERGY-STORAGE METHODS 357
8.7 MATCHING THE OPERATION OF INTERMITTENT RENEWABLE POWER PLANTS WITH ENERGY STORAGE 357
8.8 SUMMARY 359
8.9 PROBLEMS 360
8.10 REFERENCES 372
8.11 ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 379
CHAPTER 9: The Roles of Filters in Power Systems 380
9.1 TYPES OF NONLINEAR LOADS 380
9.2 CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS EMPLOYED IN POWER SYSTEMS 382
9.3 PASSIVE FILTERS AS USED IN POWER SYSTEMS 383
9.4 ACTIVE FILTERS 396
9.5 HYBRID POWER FILTERS 399
9.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ACTIVE FILTERS 403
9.7 CONTROL OF FILTERS 404
9.8. SUMMARY 413
9.9 REFERENCES 416
CHAPTER 10: Optimal Placement and Sizing of Shunt Capacitor Banks in the Presence of Harmonics 418
10.1 REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION 419
10.2 COMMON TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS 421
10.3 CLASSIFICATION OF CAPACITOR ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES FOR SINUSOIDAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 423
10.4 OPTIMAL PLACEMENT AND SIZING OF SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS IN THE PRESENCE OF HARMONICS 434
10.5 SUMMARY 456
10.6 REFERENCES 460
CHAPTER 11: Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) 464
11.1 COMPENSATION DEVICES AT FUNDAMENTAL AND HARMONIC FREQUENCIES 465
11.2 UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC) 468
11.3 THE UPQC CONTROL SYSTEM 471
11.4 UPQC CONTROL USING THE PARK (DQ0) TRANSFORMATION 472
11.5 UPQC CONTROL BASED ON THE INSTANTANEOUS REAL AND IMAGINARY POWER THEORY 474
11.6 PERFORMANCE OF THE UPQC 481
11.7 SUMMARY 488
11.8 REFERENCES 489
APPENDIX 1: Sampling Techniques 490
1.1 WHAT CRITERION IS USED TO SELECT THE SAMPLING RATE (SEE LINE 500 OF TWO-CHANNEL PROGRAM [81, CHAPTER 2])? 490
1.2 WHAT CRITERION IS USED TO SELECT THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CONVERSIONS (LINE 850 OF THE TWO-CHANNEL PROGRAM [81, CHAPTER 2])? 490
1.3 WHY ARE THE TWO-CHANNEL PROGRAM DIMENSION AND THE ARRAY FOR THE CHANNEL NUMBER NOT USED FOR THE FIVE-CHANNEL PROGRAM [81, CHAPTER 2]? 490
1.4 WHAT IS THE CRITERION FOR SELECTING THE MULTIPLYING FACTOR IN STEP 9 (0.004882812 ª 0.004883) FOR THE TWO- AND FIVE-CHANNEL CONFIGURATIONS? 491
1.5 WHY IS IN STEP 9 OF THE TWO-CHANNEL PROGRAM (LINE 1254) THE ARRAY DA(N + 10) OR DA(733), AND IN THE FIVE-CHANNEL PROGRAM (LINE 1233) THE ARRAY IS DA(368)? 491
APPENDIX 2: Program List for Fourier Analysis [81, Chapter 2] 494
A2.1 FOURIER ANALYSIS PROGRAM LIST 494
A2.2 OUTPUT OF THE FOURIER ANALYSIS PROGRAM 497
APPENDIX 3: Program List for Propagation of a Surge through a Distribution Feeder with an Insulator Flashover (Application Example 2.9) 500
APPENDIX 4: Program List for Lightning Arrester Operation (Application Example 2.10) 502
APPENDIX 5: Equipment for Tests 504
A5.1 THE 9 kVA THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK 504
A5.2 THE 4.5 kVA THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK #1 504
A5.3 THE 4.5 kVA THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK #2 504
A5.4 THE 15 kVA THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER BANK 504
A5.5 THREE-PHASE DIODE BRIDGE 504
A5.6 HALF-CONTROLLED THREE-PHASE SIX-STEP INVERTER 504
A5.7 CONTROLLED THREE-PHASE RESONANT RECTIFIER [12, CHAPTER 2] 504
A5.8 CONTROLLED THREE-PHASE PWM INVERTER [12, CHAPTER 2] 504
APPENDIX 6: Measurement Error of Powers 506
A6.1 MEASUREMENT ERROR OF POWERS 506
A6.2 NAMEPLATE DATA OF MEASURED TRANSFORMERS 506
APPENDIX 7: Solutions to Examples from Chapters 508
Index 652