Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter (eBook)

Cover 1
Biogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic Matter 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 8
Contributors 14
Foreword 16
Preface 22
Chapter 1. Why Dissolved Organics Matter? 24
I. Introduction 24
II. DOM Research Pre-1970 25
III. DOM Research in the 1970s 30
IV. DOM Research in the 1980s 34
V. "New" DON and DOC 36
VI. Why Dissolved Organics Matter 46
VII. What did we Learn? 48
References 50
Chapter 2. Analytical Methods for Total DOM Pools 58
I. Introduction 58
II. Dissolved Organic Carbon Analysis 60
III. Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Analysis 68
IV. Dissolved Organic Phosphorus Analysis 72
V. Multielemental Methods 74
VI. The Limits of Elemental Analyses 74
VII. The Need for Continual use of Reference Materials 75
References 77
Chapter 3. Chemical Composition and Reactivity 82
I. Introduction 82
II. Distribution and Chemical Characteristics of Bulk Marine DOM 87
III. Major Topics of Ongoing and Future Research About the Cycling of DOM 103
References 108
Chapter 4. Production and Removal Processes 114
I. Introduction 114
II. DOM Production Processes 115
III. DOM Removal Processes 139
IV. DOM Lability 146
V. DOM Accumulation 156
VI. Summary 160
References 162
Chapter 5. Dynamics of DON 176
I. Introduction 176
II. Concentration and Composition of the DON Pool 177
III. Sources of DON 209
IV. Sinks for DON 230
V. DON Turnover Times 249
VI. Summary 250
References 254
Chapter 6. Dynamics of DOP 272
I. Introduction 273
II. Terms, Definitions, and Concentration Units 276
III. The Early Years of Pelagic Marine P-Cycle Research (1884-1955) 281
IV. The Pelagic Marine P-Cycle: Key Pools and Processes 285
V. Sampling, Incubation, Storage, and Analytical Considerations 289
VI. DOP in the Sea: Variations in Space 303
VII. DOP in the Sea: Variations in Time 317
VIII. DOP Pool Characterization 329
IX. DOP Production, Utilization, and Remineralization 357
X. Conclusions and Prospectus 370
References 371
Chapter 7. Marine Colloids and Trace Metals 390
I. Introduction 390
II. Definition of Marine Colloids 392
III. Analytical Methods 395
IV. Metal Content of Marine Colloidal Matter 403
V. The Chemical Form of Colloidal Metals 408
VI. Particulate-Based Estimates of Colloidal Metal Concentrations 411
VII. Sources of Metal-Complexing Colloidal Ligands 412
VIII. Measurement of Colloid Reaction Rates 413
IX. The Biological Availability of Colloidal Bioactive Metals 418
X. Summary 419
References 420
Chapter 8. Carbon Isotopic Composition of DOM 428
I. Introduction 428
II. Conventions and Definitions for Expressing Isotopic Contents of DOC 430
III. Methods for Extracting DOC from Seawater for Isotopic Analysis 436
IV. Measurements and Distributions of d13C and .14C in Marine DOC 438
V. Applications of d13C and (.)14C in Marine DOC Cycling Studies 453
VI. Summary and Future Challenges 466
References 469
Chapter 9. Photochemistry and the Cycling of Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen and Phosphorus 478
I. Introduction 479
II. Photochemical Transformation of Riverine and Marsh-Derived DOM Inputs to the Sea 480
III. Impact of Photochemistry on Elemental Cycles 481
IV. Unresolved Questions and Future Research 499
References 502
Appendix 1 513
Appendix 2 521
Appendix 3 523
Appendix 4 526
Chapter 10. Chromophoric DOM in the Coastal Environment 532
I. Introduction 532
II. Optical Properties 536
III. Distribution 555
IV. Sources and Sinks 557
V. Summary and Future Areas of Research 562
References 563
Chapter 11. Chromophoric DOM in the Open Ocean 570
I. Introduction 570
II. Characterization of CDOM 572
III. Observed CDOM Dynamics 580
IV. Global CDOM Distribution Patterns 584
V. Relationship Between DOM and CDOM in the Open Ocean 590
VI. Implications for Photochemistry and Photobiology 591
VII. Needs for Future Advances 594
References 596
Chapter 12. DOM in the Coastal Zone 602
I. Introduction 602
II. River Inputs 603
III. Estuarine Processes 611
IV. Accumulation of DOM in the Coastal Zone and Export Processes 618
V. Conclusions 623
References 625
Chapter 13. Sediment Pore Waters 634
I. Introduction 635
II. Dissolved Organic Carbon in Sediment Pore Waters 637
III. Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) 654
IV. DOM Compositional Data 659
V. The Role of Benthic DOM Fluxes in the Ocean Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles 664
VI. The Role of Pore-Water DOM in Sediment Carbon Preservation 671
VII. Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research 673
Appendix: A Description of the DOM Advection/Diffusion/ Reaction Model 674
References 676
Chapter 14. DOC in the Arctic Ocean 688
I. Introduction 688
II. Sources of DOC to the Arctic Ocean 690
III. Composition and Distribution of DOC within the Arctic Ocean 697
IV. Summary of Sources and Sinks 702
References 704
Chapter 15. DOC in the Global Ocean Carbon Cycle 708
I. Introduction 708
II. Distribution of DOC 710
III. Net Community Production of DOC 720
IV. Contribution of DOC to the Biological Pump 725
V. Research Priorities 732
VI. Summary 734
References 734
Chapter 16. Modeling DOM Biogeochemistry 740
I. Introduction 740
II. Ecosystem Modeling Studies 742
III. Modeling the Role of DOM in Ocean Biogeochemistry 757
IV. Discussion and Conclusions 766
References 770
Index 780
Color Plate Section 798