Silicate Glasses and Melts (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Silicate Glasses and Melts: Properties and Structure 4
Copyright Page 5
Table of Contents 10
Preface 6
Chapter 1. The Discovery of Silicate Melts—An Applied and Geological Perspective 18
1.1. The Early History of Glass 18
1.2. Glass and Science 23
1.3. The Discovery of Natural Melts 27
1.4. The Physical Chemistry of Melts 33
1.5. Summary Remarks 45
References 45
Chapter 2. Glass Versus Melt 52
2.1. Relaxation 52
2.2. Glass Transition 64
2.3. Configurational Properties 70
2.4. Summary Remarks 80
References 81
Chapter 3. Glasses and Melts vs. Crystals 86
3.1. Basics of Silicate Structure 86
3.2. Thermodynamic Properties 93
3.3. Liquid-Like Character of Crystals 104
3.4. Summary Remarks 112
References 113
Chapter 4. Melt and Glass Structure — Basic Concepts 118
4.1. Bond Length, Bond Angle, and Bond Strength in Silicates 118
4.2. Network-Formers 122
4.3. Network-Modifying Cations and Linkage between Structural Units 129
4.4. Bonding, Composition and Effects on Melt Properties 132
4.5 Mixing, Order, and Disorder 137
4.6. Summary Remarks 140
References 141
Chapter 5. Silica — A Deceitful Simplicity 148
5.1. An Outstanding Oxide 149
5.2. Physical Properties 153
5.3. Structure of SiO2 Glass and Melt 165
5.4. Effects of Pressure and Temperature 172
5.5. Summary Remarks 177
References 178
Chapter 6. Binary Metal Oxide-Silica Systems — I. Physical Properties 186
6.1. Phase Relationships 186
6.2. Thermodynamics of Mixing 191
6.3. Volume and Transport Properties 200
6.4. Summary Remarks 210
References 211
Chapter 7. Binary Metal Oxide-Silica Systems — II. Structure 216
7.1. Pseudocrystalline Models of Melt Structure 216
7.2. Thermodynamic Modeling and Melt Structure 217
7.3. Numerical Simulation of Melt Structure 220
7.4. Structure from Direct Measurements 222
7.5. Structure and Melt Properties 235
7.6. Summary Remarks 240
References 240
Chapter 8. Aluminosilicate Systems — I. Physical Properties 248
8.1. Phase Relationships 248
8.2. Thermodynamics of Mixing 255
8.3. Volume and Viscosity 261
8.4. Summary Remarks 270
References 271
Chapter 9. Aluminosilicate Systems — II. Structure 276
9.1. Binary Al2O3-Bearing Glasses and Melts 277
9.2. Meta-Aluminosilicate Glasses and Melts (SiO2-M1/xAlO2) 284
9.3. Peralkaline Aluminosilicate Glasses and Melts 292
9.4. Pressure and the Structure of Aluminosilicate Melts 295
9.5. Structure and Properties of Aluminosilicate Melts 298
9.6. Summary Remarks 301
References 302
Chapter 10. Iron-bearing Melts — I. Physical Properties 308
10.1 Ferrous and Ferric Iron 309
10.2. Phase Equilibria 315
10.3. Iron Redox Reactions 321
10.4. Physical Properties 335
10.5. Summary Remarks 343
References 344
Chapter 11. Iron-bearing Melts — II. Structure 352
11.1. Ferric Iron 352
11.2. Ferrous Iron 361
11.3. Ferric and Ferrous Iron in Silicate Melts at High Temperature 364
11.4. Iron in Silicate Melts and Glasses at High Pressure 367
11.5. Summary Remarks 370
References 371
Chapter 12. The Titanium Anomalies 374
12.1. Phase Relations and Glass Formation 374
12.2. Physical Properties 381
12.3. Structure of Titanosilicate Glasses and Melts 389
12.4. High-Temperature Studies 394
12.5. Structure and Properties of Ti-bearing Melts 395
12.6. Summary Remarks 398
References 398
Chapter 13. Phosphorus 404
13.1. Properties of Phosphorus-bearing Glasses and Melts 404
13.2. Structure of Phosphorus-bearing Silicate Melts and Glasses 410
13.3 Structure and Properties of P-bearing Silicate Melts and Glasses 422
13.4 Summary Remarks 423
References 424
Chapter 14. Water — An Elusive Component 428
14.1. Phase Relations 429
14.2. Physical Properties of Hydrous Silicate Systems 441
14.3. Water and Silicate Melt and Glass Structure 453
14.4. Temperature Effects 465
14.5. Application to Some Properties of Hydrous Melts 467
14.6. Summary Remarks 468
References 469
Chapter 15. Volatiles — I. The System C-O-H-S 478
15.1. Sulfur 478
15.2. Volatiles in the System C-O-H 483
15.3. Structure and Melt Properties 494
15.4. Summary Remarks 495
References 495
Chapter 16. Volatiles — II. Noble Gases and Halogens 500
16.1. Noble Gases 500
16.2. Halogens 504
16.3. Structure and Melt Properties 514
16.4. Summary Remarks 515
References 516
Chapter 17. Natural Melts 520
17.1. Structure of Magmatic Liquids 520
17.2. Properties of Magmatic Liquids 524
17.3. Summary Remarks 537
References 537
Subject Index 542