Advances in Clinical Chemistry (eBook)

Cover 1
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Preface 12
Chapter 1. The Biochemistry of Aging 14
1. Introduction 14
2. Life Expectancy versus Maximum Life Span 15
3. Theories of Aging 16
4. Support for Free Radical Theory 29
5. Magnesium, Zinc, and Selenium. 34
6. Heat Shock Proteins 37
7. Age-Associated Diseases/Disorders 39
8. Summary 60
References 62
Chapter 2. Cystatin C„Properties and Use as Diagnostic Marker 76
1. Protease–Antiprotease Equilibria 76
2. Biological Roles of Papain-like Cysteine Proteases 77
3. The Cystatin Superfamily of Inhibitors of Papain-like Cysteine Proteases 77
4. The Human Cystatins 78
5. Identification of Target Enzymes for Cystatins 79
6. Distribution of Cystatins in Body Fluids 81
7. Additional Functions Attributed to Cystatin C 82
8. Previous Designations for Cystatin C 85
9. Structure of Human Cystatin C and Its Concentration in Body Fluids 85
10. Serum/Plasma Cystatin C as a Marker for Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 85
11. Urine Cystatin C as a Marker for Proximal Tubular Damage 97
12. Cystatin C and Cerebral Hemorrhage 98
References 103
Chapter 3. The Role of Receptors In Prostate Cancer 114
1. Introduction 115
2. Androgen Receptors 120
3. Estrogen Receptors and Other Cytoplasmic/Nuclear Receptors 129
4. Growth Factor Receptors 141
5. Other Membrane Receptors 151
6. Conclusion 152
References 154
Chapter 4. Oxidative Modifications of Protein Structures 174
1. Sources of Reactive Oxygen Species 175
2. Oxidative Modifications of Protein Structures 201
3. Biological Effects of Protein Oxidation 222
4. Detection of Oxidatively Modified Proteins in a Clinical Laboratory 239
References 243
Chapter 5. Selected Markers of Bone Biochemistry 268
1. Introduction 269
2. Cytokines and Other Factors 271
3. Regulation of the Apoptosis of Osteoclasts 276
4. Hormones 277
5. Proinsulin, Insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF), IGF-Binding Proteins, and Changes in Bone Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus 285
6. Biochemical Markers of the Metabolism of Bone Tissue 286
References 300
Chapter 6. Laboratory Markers of Ovarian Function 308
1. Introduction 309
2. Age 310
3. Basal Hormone Levels 311
4. Function of the Pituitary–Ovarian Axis 319
5. Follicular Fluid 326
6. Granulosa Cells 328
7. Quality of Embryos 330
8. Hormone Levels after Embryo Transplant 332
9. Discussion and Conclusion 332
References 333
Index 346