Advances in Immunology (eBook)

Cover 1
Title Page 370
Advance in Immunology 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Contributors 10
Chapter 1. Exploiting the Immune System: Toward New Vaccines against Intracellular Bacteria 12
I. Introduction 12
II. General Comments 13
III. Infectious Diseases Caused by Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens 18
IV. Intracellular Bacteria, Their Niches in the Host Cell, and the Immune Responses Elicited 23
V. Vaccines 37
VI. From Genomes to Antigens 70
VII. Concluding Remarks and Outlook 72
References 6
Chapter 2. The Cytoskeleton in Lymphocyte Signaling 100
I. Introduction 100
II. Overview 101
III. Current View of the Regulation of Actin Polymerization in Cytoskeletal Rearrangements 105
IV. The Vav Family of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors 106
V. The Regulation of Actin by Rac 109
VI. WASP and the Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome 111
VII. WASP and the Control of Actin 115
VIII. Shared Aspects in the Phenotype of WASP- and Vav-Deficient Mice 118
IX. Actin Polymerization and the Propagation of Signals to the Nucleus 119
References 121
Chapter 3. TGF-ß Signaling by Smad Proteins 126
I. Abstract 126
II. The TGF-B Superfamily 126
III. Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptors 127
IV. Structure and Function of Smads 130
V. Cytoplasmic Actions of Smads 137
VI. Actions of Smads in the Nucleus 139
VII. I-Smads 146
VIII. Signaling Cross-Talk 148
IX. Roles of Smads in Human Cancer 151
X. In Vivo Functions of Smads: Analyses by Gene Targeting 153
XI. Perspectives/Conclusion 154
References 156
Chapter 4. MHC Class II-Restricted Antigen Processing and Presentation 170
I. Introduction 170
II. The MHC Class I and Class II Pathways 171
III. Structure of MHC Class II Complexes 173
IV. Biosynthesis and Assembly of MHC Class II/Invariant Chain Complexes 182
V. Entry of MHC Class II/Invariant Chain Complexes into the Endocytic Pathway 184
VI. Subcellular Organelles Involved in Antigenic Peptide Loading onto Class II Molecules: The MHC Class II Compartments 187
VII. Transport of MHC Class II Complexes to the Cell Surface 191
VIII. Antigen Internalization 192
IX. Antigen Processing 196
X. The Biology of a Prime Antigen-Presenting Cell: The Dendritic Cell System 198
XI. Subversion of MHC Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by Pathogens 200
XII. Conclusions 202
References 203
Chapter 5. T-Cell Receptor Crossreactivity and Autoimmune Disease 220
I. Introduction 220
II. Crossreactivity and T-Cell Activation 220
III. Limits of TCR Crossreactivity: Peripheral Purging of Useless T-Cells 229
IV. TCR Crossreactivity and Autoimmune Disease: Viral-Derived Peptide Agonists 231
V. Cytokine Checkpoints in the Generation of Autoimmune Disease 235
References 237
Chapter 6. Strategies for Immunotherapy of Cancer 247
I. Introduction 247
II. Natural Protective Immunity against Cancer 250
III. Antigens Eliciting T Cell Responses Expressed by Virus-Associated Tumors 252
IV. Antigens Eliciting T Cell Responses by Non-Virus-Induced Tumors 251
V. Processing of Tumor Antigens 258
VI. Pivotal Role of Dendritic Cells and Tumor-Specific CD4+ Helper Cells in Tumor Immunity 257
VII. Fine Tuning of T Cell Responses by TNF(-R) Family Members 259
VIII. Escape Mechanisms of Tumors 263
IX. Cancer Therapy by Adoptive Transfer of T Cells 268
X. Design of Rational Cancer Vaccines Including Molecularly Defined Adjuvants 269
XI. Tumor Immunotherapy Based on Improved Costimulation via the CD28 Pathway 272
XII. Enhancement of Tumor-Specific T Cell Responses by Cytokines and by Cytokine-Transduced Tumor Cells 273
XIII. Monitoring of Tumor-Specific T Cell Responses 274
XIV. Immunotherapy with Monoclonal Antibodies 274
XV. Epilogue 275
References 275
Chapter 7. Tyrosine Kinase Activation in the Decision between Growth, Differentiation, and Death Responses Initiated from the B Cell Antigen Receptor 294
I. Abstract 294
II. Introduction 294
III. B Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling Controls Several Stages of B Lymphocyte Development 295
IV. Mechanisms Governing Different Cellular Responses from the Same Receptor 299
V. Iga and Igß Coreceptors in BCR Signaling 303
VI. The BCR-Associated Protein Tyrosine Kinases 306
VII. The Connections between Tyrosine Kinase Activation and Cellular Responses 315
VIII. Concluding Remarks 318
References 319
Chapter 8. The 3' IgH Regulatory Region: A Complex Structure in a Search for a Function 328
I. Introduction 328
II. Structure of the 3' IgH Control Region 328
III. Activity during B Cell Development 330
IV. Synergies between 3 Enhancers 231
V. DNA-Binding Proteins 235
VI. In a Search for a Function 341
VII. The Case of Humanized Mice 348
VIII. Conclusion 348
References 349
Index 358