Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Cover 1
Satellite Oceanic Remote Sensing 4
Copyright Page 5
TOC$Contents 6
Contributors 10
Foreword 14
Preface 16
CH$Chapter 1. Introduction 18
1. Purpose and Scope 18
2. Historical Background 18
3. Approach and Organization 25
References 26
CH$Chapter 2. The 1978 Oceanic Trilogy: Seasat, Nimbus-7, and TIROS-N 28
1. Introduction 28
2. The Seasat Sensors and Results 29
3. The Nimbus-7 Sensors and Results 65
4. The TIROS-N Series and Results 70
5. Summary 74
References 77
CH$Chapter 3. Analysis and Interpretation of Altimeter Sea Echo 79
1. Introduction 79
2. The Convolutional Representation of the Signal and Its Use 80
3. Model Fits of Recovered Sea Surface Probability Density 86
4. The Study of Altimetric Biases Using Models 91
5. Electromagnetic Bias 104
6. A General, Improved Deconvolution Algorithm 111
7. Conclusions 114
Appendix 115
References 117
CH$Chapter 4. Oceanic Surface Winds 119
1. Introduction 119
2. Mechanism for Measurement of Surface Wind Speed Using Microwave Systems 121
3. The Marine Surface Boundary Layer 123
4. Development of a Model Function Relating SASS Data to Surface Wind Speed 127
5. Global Data Assimilation Experiments 139
6. Conclusions 155
References 156
CH$Chapter 5. Surface and Internal Ocean Wave Observations 159
1. Introduction 159
2. Ocean Surface Waves 160
3. Ocean Internal Waves 194
4. Summary and Conclusions 210
References 211
CH$Chapter 6. Seasat Microwave Wind and Rain Observations in Severe Tropical and Midlatitude Marine Storms 215
1. Introduction 216
2. The Nature of Severe Marine Storms 218
3. Microwave Measurements in Severe Marine Storms 224
4. Seasat Observations of Rain Rate and Microwave Attenuation in Tropical Cyclones 226
5. Seasat Surface Wind Observations in Tropical Cyclones 233
6. Analysis of Individual Storms and Comparison of Seasat Data with “Surface-Truth" Data 236
7. Seasat Observations of Sea Surface Temperature Near Tropical Cyclones 282
8. Application of Seasat Observations to Operational Marine Storm Forecasting Needs 283
9. Conclusions 291
References 292
CH$Chapter 7. Sea Surface Temperature Determinations 297
1. Introduction to Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature 297
2. Microwave Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature 299
3. Infrared Sensing of Sea Surface Temperature 304
4. Summary 310
References 312
CH$Chapter 8. Ocean Color Measurements 315
1. Introduction 315
2. The CZCS System 321
3. Response to Oceanic and Atmospheric Conditions 324
4. Remote Sensing of the Phytoplankton Pigment Concentration 331
5. Remote Sensing of the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Water 344
6. Summary and Conclusions 353
References 354
CH$Chapter 9. Observations of the Polar Regions from Satellites Using Active and Passive Microwave Techniques 357
1. Introduction 358
2. Sea-Ice Observations by Seasat: A Case Study 359
3. Sea-Ice Observations by Nimbus-7 390
4. Observations of Ocean Waves in the Antarctic 400
5. Seasat Altimeter Observations of Ice Sheets 406
References 417
CH$Chapter 10. Precipitation in Tropical Cyclones 420
1. Introduction 420
2. Rain Rate Estimates from the VIRR 421
3. Future Studies 442
References 443
CH$Chapter 11. Living Marine Resources Applications 446
1. Introduction 446
2. Satellite Ocean Remote-Sensing Applications in Fisheries Research 448
3. Utilization of Satellite Data in Fisheries-Aids Products Distribution to Fishermen 471
References 478
Appendix A . Instruments 481
A.1. Introduction 481
A.2. Radar Altimeter 481
A.3. Seasat Scatterometer System 481
A.4. Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer 485
A.5. Synthetic Aperture Radar 485
A.6. Coastal Zone Color Scanner 485
Appendix B . Seasat Validation Program 491
B.1. Introduction 491
B.2. Weather Conditions 494
B.3. Plan of Operations (General) 495
B.4. OSS Oceanographer 497
B.5. Ocean Weather Station PAPA 502
B.6. NOAA Data Buoys 502
B.7. Aircraft 505
B.8. Total Data Sets 505
Appendix C . Data Availability 509
C.1. Seasat Data Archive and Distribution 509
C.2. Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) 515
C.3. Ordering Data 521
Appendix D . Glossary of Acronyms 523
Appendix E . Glossary of Symbols 527
IDX$Index 533