Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 13 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
List of Contributors 6
Foreword 8
Chapter 1. Airborne Geophysical Methods 12
1. Introduction 13
2. Aeromagnetic Methods 15
3. Low-Frequency Airborne Electromagnetic Methods 52
4. Airborne Radiometric Methods 90
5. Airborne Gravity Methods 99
6. Other Airborne Remote-Sensing Methods 113
Chapter 2. Lidar 124
1. Introduction 124
2. The Basic Lidar Technique 125
3. Atmospheric Optical Parameters 128
4. The Significance of Lidar-Measured Optical Parameters. 133
5. Application of Lidar Observations to Meteorological Problems and Atmospheric Studies 136
6. Lidar Contributions to Atmospheric Studies and Meteorological Problems 144
7. Future Developments 146
Appendix 147
List of Symbols 148
References 149
Chapter 3. Structure of Ball Lightning 152
1. Introduction 152
2. Earlier Observations and Theories 155
3. Experimental Evidence 163
4. New Analysis of the Problem 178
5. Summary and Conclusions 196
List of Symbols 197
References 199
Chapter 4. Energetics of the Middle Atmosphere 202
1. Introduction 202
2. The Ozone Distribution 204
3. The Water Vapor Distribution 213
4. Infrared Radiative Transfer 215
5. Heat Sources and Sinks above 80 kM 225
List of Symbols 227
References 228
Chapter 5. The Nature and Properties of Gaseous Ions Encountered in Atmospheric Studies 234
Introduction 234
1. Forces Influencing Ionic Behavior 235
2. Mobility Theory and Equations 236
3. Cluster Ions 238
4. Reactions between Ions and Molecules 240
5. Ion Mobility and Ion Identification 244
6. Accuracy of Mobility Determinations as Diagnostic Tools 245
7. Summary of Influences Affecting the Presence of Ion Species 246
8. Normal Ions in the Atmosphere 247
9. Reaction Rates of Ions 254
10. Langevin and Intermediate Ions 255
References 263
Author Index 268
Subject Index 276