Advances in Geophysics (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Geophysics, Volume 3 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 10
Foreword 8
List of Contributors 6
Chapter 1. Arctic Ice Island Research 12
1. Introduction 12
2. Scientific Studies of the Arctic Ocean Area 17
3. Description of the Ice Islands 27
4. Studies Involving T-3 Uniqueness 45
5. Future of Ice Islands 49
Acknowledgments 50
List of Symbols 50
References 50
General Bibliography 52
Chapter 2. Recent Developments in the Study of the Polarization of Sky Light 54
1. Introduction 54
2. Theory of the Polarization of Sky Light 57
3. Measurements of the Sky-Light Polarization 87
4. Study of the Polarization of Sky Light in Relation to the Related Problems of Atmospheric Optics 108
List of Symbols 110
References 114
Chapter 3. Subcontinental Structure in the Light of Seismological Evidence 116
1. Introduction 117
2. Techniques 118
3. Historical—Earthquakes—Refraction (1909–1940) 127
4. Historical—Earthquakes—Dispersion (before 1940) 135
5. Historical—Explosions (up to 1940) 136
6. Summary (to 1940) 138
7. Since 1940 138
8. Low Velocity Layers 152
9. Comments 153
Acknowledgments 158
List of Symbols 158
References 159
Chapter 4. Heat Flow through the Deep Sea Floor 164
1. Introduction 164
2. Methods of Measurement 166
3. Local Disturbances 175
4. Summary of Measured Values of Heat Flow 177
5. Interpretations 180
List of Symbols 189
References 190
Chapter 5. The Interior of the Earth 194
1. Introduction 194
2. Composition and Constitution of the Earth 196
3. The Thermal History of the Earth 213
4. The Earth’s Magnetic Field 230
5. Concluding Remarks 240
List of Symbols 244
References 245
Chapter 6. Subsurface Geophysical Methods in Ground-Water Hydrology 252
1. Introduction 252
2. Methods of Exploration 254
3. Summary 307
List of Symbols 307
References 308
Chapter 7. Geophysical Research with Artificial Earth Satellites 312
1. Introduction 313
2. Discussion of Individual Geophysical Experiments 315
3. Applications of Satellite Results to Large Problems 355
4. Limitations of Satellite Applications Imposed by Design Characteristics 365
5. Concluding Remarks 371
List of Symbols 373
References 374
Author Index 380
Subject Index 386