Parasitoids of Drosophila (eBook)

Front Cover 1
Advances in Parasitology 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Preface 16
Introduction 18
Section I: Ecology of Drosophila Parasitoids 26
Chapter 1: Ecology and Life History Evolution of Frugivorous Drosophila Parasitoids 28
1.1. Distribution, Community Structure and Ecological Interactions 31
1.2. Drosophila Parasitoid Life Histories 40
1.3. Geographical Differentiation and Local Adaptation 53
1.4. Concluding Remarks 58
References 60
Chapter 2: Decision-Making Dynamics in Parasitoids of Drosophila 70
2.1. Introduction 71
2.2. Levels of Plasticity 71
2.3. Relative Value of Hosts and Patches 73
2.4. Host Patch Detection 75
2.5. Prepatch Experience and (Initial) Leaving Tendency 76
2.6. The Effects of Intrapatch Experience 79
2.7. The Patch-Leaving Decision 81
2.8. Genetic Differences in Searching Behavior 82
2.9. Predation and Starvation 84
2.10. Prospects and Implications 85
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
Chapter 3: Dynamic Use of Fruit Odours to Locate Host Larvae: Individual Learning, Physiological State and Genetic Variability as Adaptive Mechanisms 92
3.1. Introduction 93
3.2. General Material and Methods 96
3.3. Dynamics of Odour Memory Displayed In Odour Choices 98
3.4. Dynamics of Odour Memory Displayed in Probing Behavior 102
3.5. Motivation Influences the Learned Searching Responses 106
3.6. Genetic Variability of the Learned Searching Response 108
3.7. Probing In Response to Fruit Odour: When Is It Adaptive? 109
3.8. General Discussion and Conclusions 114
Acknowledgements 116
References 116
Section II: The Physiology Andgenetics of Immunityrelationships Betweenparasitoids and Theirdrosophila Hosts 122
Chapter 4: Role of Melanization and Cytotoxic By-Products in the Cellular Immune Responses of DrosophilaAgainst Parasitic Wasps 124
4.1. Introduction 125
4.2. Hemocyte-Mediated Encapsulation 128
4.3. Melanization During the Drosophila Cellular Immune Reaction 128
4.4. Cytotoxic Molecules Associated with Melanization 132
4.5. The Prevention of Phenoloxidase Activity by Parasitoid Virulence Factors 138
4.6. Conclusions 140
References 141
Chapter 5: Virulence Factors and Strategies of Leptopilina spp.: SelectiveResponses in Drosophila Hosts 148
5.1. Introduction 149
5.2. The Host Range of L. Boulardi and L. Heterotoma 151
5.3. Origin of L. Heterotoma/L. Victoriae VLPs and their Effects on Host Hemocytes 159
5.4. Host Gene Expression Changes after L. Boulardi and L. Heterotoma Infection 163
5.5. Concluding Remarks 166
Acknowledgments 167
References 168
Chapter 6: Variation of Leptopilina boulardiSuccess in Drosophila Hosts:What is Inside the Black Box? 172
6.1. Introduction 173
6.2. Dissection of the Natural Variation of Encapsulation 174
6.3. Host Resistance: Origin of Variation 183
6.4. Parasitoid Virulence: Origin of Variation 188
6.5. Discussion 199
Acknowledgments 208
References 208
Chapter 7: Immune Resistance ofDrosophila Hosts AgainstAsobara Parasitoids:Cellular Aspects 214
7.1. Introduction 215
7.2. The Immune System in D. melanogaster 216
7.3. Encapsulation: A Story Based on Quantities 220
7.4. But Does Quality Matter? The Case of the Obscura Group 232
7.5. Discussion and Concluding Remarks 233
Acknowledgment 237
References 237
Chapter 8: Components of Asobara Venomsand their Effects on Hosts 242
8.1. Introduction 243
8.2. Anatomy of the Venom Apparatus within the Asobara Genus 244
8.3. The Venom of A. tabida 249
8.4. The Venom of A. Japonica 252
8.5. Expected Prospects from Studying Venoms in the Asobara Genus 253
Acknowledgments 255
References 255
Section III: Strategies and Evolutionof Parasitoid Virulenceand Host Resistance 258
Chapter 9: Strategies of Avoidanceof Host Immune Defensesin Asobara Species 260
9.1. Introduction 261
9.2. Conformer Versus Regulator Strategy 262
9.3. Arms Developed by Asobara Parasitoids to Regulate or Evade Host Immunity Defenses 271
9.4. Concluding Remarks and Prospects 275
References 276
Chapter 10: Evolution of Host Resistance and Parasitoid Counter-Resistance 282
10.1. Introduction 283
10.2. Drosophila melanogaster and its Parasitoids 284
10.3. Geographic Variation 286
10.4. Experimental Evolution of Resistance and Counter-Resistance 289
10.5. Costs of Resistance and Counter-Resistance 293
10.6. Behavior Related to Resistance and Counter-Resistance 296
10.7. Parasitoids as Hosts 299
10.8. Genetics and Genomics 299
10.9. Concluding Remarks 301
References 302
Chapter 11: Local, Geographic and Phylogenetic Scales of Coevolution in Drosophila-Parasitoid Interactions 306
11.1. Introduction 307
11.2. The Local Coevolutionary Dynamics 309
11.3. The Components of the Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution 314
11.4. Hypothesis of Coevolutionary Diversification 316
11.5. Ancestral Traits and Phylogenetic Constraints on Coevolution 317
11.6. Conclusion 317
References 318
Chapter 12: Drosophila-ParasitoidCommunities as Model Systemsfor Host-WolbachiaInteractions 324
12.1. Introduction 325
12.2. Pattern of Infection and Phylogenetic Diversity of Wolbachia in Drosophila Parasitoids 327
12.3. Phenotypic Diversity of Wolbachia in Drosophila Parasitoids 333
12.4. Stability, Regulation and Consequences of Multiple Wolbachia Infections 342
12.5. The Role of Wolbachia in the Interaction Between Parasitoids and Hosts 345
12.6. Conclusion 348
Acknowledgments 350
References 350
Chapter 13: A Virus-Shaping Reproductive Strategy in a DrosophilaParasitoid 358
13.1 Introduction 359
13.2 Main Effect and Transmission of LbFV 360
13.3 Adaptive Significance of Superparasitism Alteration: A Modelization Approach 362
13.4 Effect of LbFV on Other Phenotypic Traits 365
13.5 Adaptive Significance of the Phenotypic Alteration Induced (Except Superparasitism) 371
13.6 Evolution in Relation to the Frequency of Horizontal Versus Vertical Transmission 373
13.7 Experimental Evolution in Relation to Transmission Type (Horizontal or Vertical) 377
13.8 Other Viruses in the Drosophila-Parasitoid Community 380
13.9 Conclusion 384
References 384
Index 390
Contents of Volumesin this Series 398
Color Plate 408